PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY CLASS #1 REFERENCES; ERHLICH

RADIATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! “When the term ‘radiation’ is used, it generally evokes concern and a sense of danger” Introduction to Radiology Technology and Patient Care, Adler and Carlton 1999

HISTORY NOV. 8, 1895 WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN SIR WILLIAM CROOKS ”X” WILLIAM COOLIDGE H.C.SNOOKS THOMAS EDISON CLARENCE DALLY GEORGE EASTMAN DISCOVERED X-RAYS CATHODE RAY TUBE UNKNOWN ENERGY HOT CATHODE RAY TUBE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FLUOROSCOPY ROENTGEN MARTYR PLASTIC FILM

RADIATION INJURIES EARLY 20 TH CENTURY SKIN BURNS HAIR LOSS ANEMIA TO BOTH PT AND DOCTOR

HISTORY OF RADIOGRAPHERS PHYSICISTS OJT (TECHNICIANS) HOSPITAL BASED PROGRAMS COMMUNITY COLLEGES

OVERVIEW OF RADIOLOGY AND RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

HOW ARE X-RAYS PRODUCED? witmer/anatomy_immersion.htm witmer/anatomy_immersion.htm

X-RAY PRODUCTION AN OVERVIEW VACUUM TUBE----WHY? SOURCE OF ELECTRONS (TUNGSTON)WHY? TARGET (TUNGSTON) WHY? HIGH POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE(VOLTAGE) WHY?

RAD. TERMS/FACTS ELECTRON CLOUD SPACE CHARGE 99% HEAT 1% X-RAY WAVELENGTHS  AMPLITUDE  FREQUENCY SHORTER THE WAVELENGTH,THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION GAMMA X-RAY VISIBLE LIGHT MICROWAVES RADIO WAVES COMPARE THE WAVELENGTH (SHORTER OR LONGER?) THE FREQUENCY (LONGER OR SHORTER) OF THESE ENERGIES TO X-RAYS

X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINES AFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS CAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS TO BODY TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINES AFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS CAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS TO BODY

X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

IONIZATION IT’S NOT AS BAD AS IT SOUNDS!!!!

Ionization is the process of when a neutral atom loses or gains an electron. When the loss or gain occurs, a net charge is produced. Ionization can disrupt matter.

SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION Bushong, pgs 5-6 MAN-MADE X-RAYS NUCLEAR POWER /WASTE NATURAL COSMIC RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN EARTH POTASSIUM 40

THE X-RAY BEAM Small area of target Cone shaped Primary beam Radiation field Central ray collimator Scatter Why is called that?

RETURN TO SCAVENGER HUNT RESULTS AND REVIEW Add the following to your scavenger hunt notes DISTANCE  SID AND OID DENSITY  mA, mAs CONTRAST  kVp

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT IN RADIOGRAPHY TRADITIONALSI UNIT ROENTGEN RAD REM CURIE MILLI TH OF A UNIT COULOUMB GRAY SIEVERT BECQUEREL

Weighting Factor Useful for measuring occupational dose Look at the table 1-3 on page 29…which of these ionizing radiation do you think would produce the most harm? Why?

Brief overview of radiobiology Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau pg 30 in Ehrlich  Age  Differentiation  Metabolic rate  Mitotic rate Effects  Short term/Long term somatic  Genetic

KEEPING SAFE We just discussed a method of recording radiation…how do we keep this exposure to its lowest level QUIT THE PROGRAM?????? No…there are better ways!!!!!

MEASURING RADIATION FOR THE RADIOGRAPHER FILM BADGE TLD OSL CONTROL 5 rem per year 1 rem x age is cumulative dose limit

Cardinal principles of protection TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING DESCRIBE HOW THESE APPLY TO BOTH PATIENT AND OCCUPATIONAL WORKER? PRIMARY BEAM AND CR

ALARA AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE

PATIENT PROTECTION ERRORS REPEATS COLLIMATION HIGHEST KVP. WHY? FAST SCREEN/FILM AT LEAST 40” SID

Patients are frightened about radiation What can we say or do to educate them?

OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION YOU TELL ME!.5MM LEAD SHOULD ATTENUATE 90% OF RADIATION AT 75 kVp Thyroid shields

ROSE AEHLE RT (R,M) Appendix A

WHAT DO RADIOGRAPHER’S DO? WHAT IS OUR SCOPE OF PRACTICE?

CHAPTER 12, EHRLICH In addition to radiographers being trained in the OR, in trauma radiography and in mobile radiography they can cross train in SPECIAL IMAGING MODALITIES  CARDIOVASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY  CT  MRI  MAMMOGRAPHY  DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY  NUCLEAR MEDICINE  POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

THE PROFESSION ACRONYMS YOU NEED TO KNOW  PACS  ASRT  ARRT  ACR  CARE  JCAHO  JRCERT

DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF PATIENT YOU MAY HAVE TO X-RAY BODY HABITUS PHYSICAL CONDITION EMOTIONAL CONDITION AGE OTHER FACTORS