HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx Overview: Sagittal view of nose/mouth/throat Nasal Cavity and Breathing Mouth and Chewing Throat and Swallowing Larynx and Singing Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Sagittal Section Head Cranial cavity Brain/Spinal cord Vertebral bodies Epaxial muscles Hard/soft palate Oral cavity Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Naso- Oro- Laringo- pharynx Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing Function: Inlet for air to lung Warm/filter air (mucous membranes on ethmoid conchae) Smell (nerve endings on nasal membranes) M&M, Fig. 21.1 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Conchae of Ethmod Bone Scroll-like bones Covered in mucous membrane for Smell Filter air Warm air M&M, Fig. 7.10 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Sinuses All connected to nasal cavity All lined with mucous membranes Cold/allergies—fill with mucous=sinus headache Maxillary Ethmoid Frontal Sphenoid M&M, Fig. 7.11 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Mouth/Oral Cavity and Chewing FUNCTION Bite and chew food Form words Taste Kiss COMPONENTS Lips Cheeks Palate Jaws and teeth Salivary glands Lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium (almost no keratin) Vestibule—in front of teeth Oral cavity proper—behind teeth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx FUNCTION Close mouth Keep food in Make speech sounds Tactile STRUCTURE Core of sphinchter-shape skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris) “Red margin” transition from keratinized skin to oral mucosa Red because clear color lets underlying vessels show through No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus needs to be wet (or lip balm) Lips M&M, Fig. 11.6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Cheeks FUNCTION Form side of moth STRUCTURE Buccinator muscle—instrumental in swallowing, connects back to pharyngeal constrictors M&M, Fig. 11.6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Palate Hard palate anterior Maxilla Palatine Soft palate is posterior extension, soft tissue Palatoglossal arch (palate to tongue) Palatopharyngeal arch (palate to pharynx) Tonsils between arches Uvula…??? M&M, Fig. 22.7 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Jaws FUNCTION Hold teeth Occlude in chewing M&M, Fig. 7.3 STRUCTURE Upper jaw—maxillary bone Lower jaw--mandible Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Teeth Deciduous teeth—”milk” or “baby” teeth Emerge 6 mos. – 2 yrs. Replaced by permanent teeth 6-12 yrs. Wisdom teeth (3rd molar) erupts 17-25 yrs or remains in jaw Key to healthy teeth and gums: Flossing Visiting dentist regularly (every 6 mos.) and starting at young age (3-4 yrs.) Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Structure of individual tooth—it’s alive!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Jaw muscles Masseter, temporalis—elevate mandible (“close jaw”) Medial pterygoid—lateral (side-to-side) chewing Lateral pterygoid—translates mandible anteriorly (part of opening) Digastric (not shown)—depresses mandible (“opens jaw”) Chewing is circular motion M&M, Fig. 11.7 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Tongue FUNCTION Position food between teeth Form words in speech STRUCTURE Intrinsic muscles (allow for shape change with fibers in various directions) Extrinsic muscles—attach tongue to skeleton Genioglossus hyoglossus M&M, Fig. 22.7 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Salivary glands Intrinsic—all over mucous membranes of tongue, palate, lips, lining of cheek Extrinsic—secrete more saliva when eating (or anticipating) Parotid Submandibular sublingual M&M, Fig. 22.10 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Saliva Moistens mouth Dissolves food to be tasted Wets and binds food Contains amylase to start starch digestion (saltine to sugar experiment) Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavity-causing acids produced by bacteria Contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral enzymes and cyanide-like compound to kill harmful micro-organisms Contains proteins that stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the mouth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing Back of mouth to larynx Food and air mix and cross Food PHARYNX Air Trachea Esophagus STRUCTURES Entry—pharyngeal arches Exit—glottis (epiglottis is lid) Pharyngeal constrictors squeeze food through When it goes wrong—choking!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Pharynx and Swallowing Focus on muscles and arrangement of mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea Pharynx/Swallowing in detail!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Descent of the larynx Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Larynx and Singing FUNCTION Channel air out of trachea Vibrate to produce sound for speech/song STRUCTURES External skeleton or frame (cartilage) Internal vocal cords and associated muscles Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Skeleton of larynx M&M, Fig. 21.5 Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency tracheotomy (feel on self—SURFACE ANATOMY) Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Vocal cords M&M, Fig. 21.6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Head/Neck III: Special Senses Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves COMING SOON!! Head/Neck III: Special Senses Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx