Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cognitive Therapy in One Michael Free

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stream of consciousness B: Lousy Ref Generation of Negative Emotion A ctivating event Biased Thinking Black & White thinking Referees should…If not they are… b C: Boo e C: Anger Logical Errors

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Logical Errors  Errors in making conclusions from sensory input.  Not errors in perception.  AKA ‘cognitive distortions’.  Misinterpretation or non-objective interpretation.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Kinds of Logical Errors  More Dire Than Justified MDTJ  Unjustified Negative Prediction UNP  Over Generalization OG  Black & White Thinking B&WT  Invalid Allocation Of Responsibility IAOR  Mind Reading MR  Biased Weighting BW  Ignoring Facts IF  False Absolute FA  Must Or Should MOS  Emotional Reasoning ER

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Questions to Identify Logical Errors  Am I making this out to be worse than it is? (MDTJ)  Am I making a prediction or generalization not justified by the facts? (UNP)  Have I allocated responsibility unfairly; what other factors or people might be involved? (IAR)  Am I mind reading, thinking I know what is in another person’s head? (MR)  Am I treating sources (e.g. different people) differently? (BW)  Are there facts I am not considering? (IF)  Am I using Black & White thinking, or False Absolutes? (B&WT, FA)  Is my should arbitrary, is there a natural law? (MOS)  Am I making a decision based purely on my emotional reaction? (ER)

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stream of consciousness B: Lousy Ref Generation of Negative Emotion A ctivating event Biased Thinking Black & W thinking Referees should…If not they are… b C: Boo e C: Anger Automatic Thought Logical Errors

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Automatic Thoughts (1)  Are transient phenomena (like a spoken sentence).  Occur in the stream of consciousness.  They are short and specific.  They occur extremely rapidly, immediately after the event.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Automatic Thoughts (2)  They do not occur in sentences, but may consist of a few key words or images.  They do not arise from careful thought.  They do not occur in a logical series of steps such as in problem solving.  They seem to happen just by reflex.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Techniques for Capturing Automatic Thoughts  Replay the event in your mind/Imagine you are re-experiencing the event  Recreate the conditions of the event  Relax, allow your mind to wander and just notice what thoughts (including images) come into your mind.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Examples of Automatic Thoughts with Logical Errors

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Examples of Appropriate Logic Appropriate Prediction Relative Thinking Objective assessment Objective assessment- “Big picture thinking” Appropriate Logic I’ll probably enjoy myself Thinking about going to a party It’s a minor matterYour boss criticises you This is a set back, but I still have my talent Bike smash when you’re an Olympic hopeful This referee is usually fair Referee awards penalty in dubious circumstance against your team Appropriate Thought Activating event

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Logical ErrorAppropriate Logic More Dire Than JustifiedObjective Assessment- big picture thinking Unjustified Negative PredictionAppropriate probability (Generate all possibilities and estimate probability for each based on facts and evidence) False AbsoluteAccurate description OvergeneralisationAccurate description- big picture thinking consider more instances Black & White Thinking+Relative ‘Shades of Grey’ thinking Biased WeightingEven-handed weighting Ignoring FactsConsideration of ALL the information Invalid Allocation Of ResponsibilityGenerating all the possible factors and allocating responsibility validly amongst them. Mind ReadingStay with the evidence Must Or ShouldStatement of desire Emotional ReasoningAnalysis of Pros and Cons Logical Errors and Appropriate Logic

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Questions to Challenge Logical Errors More Dire Than Justified What are the facts? How bad is it really? Unjustified Negative prediction/Overgeneralisation What are all the possible outcomes What is the probability of each? Invalid Allocation Of Responsibility Who/ what has responsibility here? How much? Mindreading What is the evidence about their thoughts? Biased Weighting Am I considering all the sources of evidence evenly? Not considering all the factsWhat facts am I not considering? Black & White Thinking/False AbsolutesAre there in-between possibilities? Arbitrary Thinking (Should) Is this a natural law? What is my desire Emotional ReasoningAm I using facts to make my conclusion?

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stream of consciousness B: Lousy Ref Generation of Negative Emotion A ctivating event Biased Thinking Black & W thinking Referees should…If not they are… b C: Boo e C: Anger SCHEMA CONTENT Automatic Thought Logical Errors

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Schema Definition  Schemas are permanent entities stored some where in your brain.  They contain ‘Schema Content’ – long term reference material about things in the world in the form of:  Formal propositions.  Memories.  Associated emotions.  Action tendencies.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A Schema is like a box that contains the results of previous experiences as interpreted by the person The content of the schema can be positive or negative or a mixture.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Common Schema Topics/Content of Fundamental Schemas  The value of ourself  The nature of our life/the world  The state of our social life  The integrity/safety of ourselves  The value of others  Content can be  Present or Future  Conditional

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Negative Thinking Sequence Stream of consciousness (Includes awareness of sensation ) Activating event Logical Processes Schema Automatic Thoughts behavioural Consequence (strategies) emotional Consequence

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Two Ways of Changing Your Surface Thinking  Changing the process using appropriate logic.  Changing the content of the belief or automatic thought.

Automatic Thoughts event Change Logical Errors to Appropriate Logic Change Logical Errors to Appropriate Logic Schema Behaviour (strategies) Emotional Consequence Accurate Belief PositiveATs Reduced negative emotion Differentbehaviour Countering by Changing Logic Logical Processes Good Logic Stream of consciousness (Includes awareness of sensation Activating

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Logical ErrorAppropriate Logic More dire than justifiedObjective Assessment Unjustified Negative PredictionAppropriate probability False AbsoluteAccurate description OvergeneralisationAccurate description Black & White ThinkingRelative “Shades of Grey thinking Biased WeightingEven-handed weighting Ignoring FactsConsideration of ALL the information Invalid allocation of responsibilityValid allocation of responsibility MindreadingStay with the evidence Must or ShouldStatement of desire Emotional ReasoningAnalysis of Pros and Cons Logical Errors and Appropriate Logic

Automatic Thoughts event Schema Behaviour (strategies) Emotional Consequence PositiveATs Reduced negative emotion Differentbehaviour Countering by Changing Beliefs or Propositions Change the belief by countering Accurate Belief Stream of consciousness (Includes awareness of sensation Activating

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Countering Definition  A counter is an alternate proposition to a Negative Thought, irrational belief or false proposition.  Countering includes such activities as using appropriate logic, arguing with yourself logically and behaving in a way contrary to the false proposition.

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Rules of Countering 1.A Counter is directly opposite to the false belief, preferably stated positively and with intensity. 2.A Counter is based on appropriate logic. 3.A Counter is a believable statement of reality. 4.A Counter is your own. 5.A Counter is concise

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Objective Assessment Accurate description Even-handed weighting Valid allocation of responsibility Statement of desire Appropriate probability ‘Shades of Grey’ thinking Description of ALL the information Description of the evidence Analysis of Pros and Cons Group Cognitive Therapy Group Cognitive Therapy I’ll never get my book done Appropriate Probability I’ll probably get my book done I mostly meet dead lines I'm half way through & I have six months to go I'm getting one day/week to work on it Devising Counters Example

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Sentence Stems for Process Counters Logical Error  More dire than justified:  Unjustified negative prediction/  Overgeneralisation  Invalid allocation of responsibility  Mindreading  Biased weighting  Ignoring Facts  Black & White thinking/False Absolutes  Arbitrary Thinking (Shoulds)  Emotional Reasoning Sentence Stem  The facts are…  The highest probability outcome is….  The specific information is…  Appropriate apportionment of responsibility is…  I don’t know what x is thinking  This source indicates…that indicates…  An objective observer would describe the situation…  The relative or shades of grey position is…  My preference/desire is…  The pros and cons are…

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Group Cognitive Therapy Group Cognitive Therapy Process Perceptual Shift Example I’ll never get my book done AP I’ll probably get my book done *I mostly meet deadlines *I'm half way through & I have six months to go *I'm getting one day/week to work on it

Cognitive Therapy in Groups: Guidelines and Resources for Practice, Second Edition. By Michael Free. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Countering Using Index Cards