Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan 1

2 CONSEQUENCES How did the Catholics make their demands? Effects/consequences of the Protestant-Catholic Conflict Conclusion

3Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan st Feb – NICRA (Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association) formed Formed by a group of well educated middle class Catholics Purpose: protest against discrimination against Catholics using non-violent methods.

4Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan th August – 1 st Civil Rights March held Civil rights march gained a lot of publicity since then Civil rights march gained a lot of publicity since then 5 th October – Civil Rights March in Derry Considered by many as the start date of ‘The Troubles’ Considered by many as the start date of ‘The Troubles’ Fighting broke out Fighting broke out Protestors were charged at by policemen holding baton Protestors were charged at by policemen holding baton

5Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan © Eamon Melaugh (

6Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan st Jan – 4 th Jan – four day march On the 4 th day, the march was ambushed and attacked. On the 4 th day, the march was ambushed and attacked. Led to serious rioting Led to serious rioting August – British government sent troops to help keep order in Northern Ireland 12 th August – 13 th August – Battle of Bogside Led to serious rioting Led to serious rioting Deteriorated into sectarian conflict between Protestant and Catholic, many Catholics were forced out of their home Deteriorated into sectarian conflict between Protestant and Catholic, many Catholics were forced out of their home

7Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan th August – Internment Gave the British Army the power to arrest, interrogate and detain without trial anyone suspected of being involved in any acts to weaken the government. Gave the British Army the power to arrest, interrogate and detain without trial anyone suspected of being involved in any acts to weaken the government. British army conducted a serious of raids on homes British army conducted a serious of raids on homes During the 9 August 1971 and the early hours of the 10 August Northern Ireland experienced the worst violence since August [Over the following days thousands of people (estimated at 7,000), the majority of them Catholics, were forced to flee their homes. Many Catholic 'refugees' moved to the Republic of Ireland, and have never returned to Northern Ireland.] During the 9 August 1971 and the early hours of the 10 August Northern Ireland experienced the worst violence since August [Over the following days thousands of people (estimated at 7,000), the majority of them Catholics, were forced to flee their homes. Many Catholic 'refugees' moved to the Republic of Ireland, and have never returned to Northern Ireland.]

8Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan 1972 Before 30 th Jan – a series of anti-internment rally 22 nd Jan – anti-internment march. As the march neared the internment camp, it was stopped by the barbed wire which were used to close off the beach. When it appeared that the marchers were going to go around the wire, the army then fired rubber bullets and CS gas at close range into the crowd. A number of witnesses claimed that the paratroopers severely beat protesters and had to be physically restrained by their own officers. As the march neared the internment camp, it was stopped by the barbed wire which were used to close off the beach. When it appeared that the marchers were going to go around the wire, the army then fired rubber bullets and CS gas at close range into the crowd. A number of witnesses claimed that the paratroopers severely beat protesters and had to be physically restrained by their own officers.

9Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan th Jan – NICRA planned for a 2 nd anti- internment rally march on 30 th Jan 30 th Jan – Bloody Sunday At approximately 4.10pm soldiers began to open fire on the marchers. By about 4.40pm the shooting ended with 13 people dead and a further 13 injured from gunshots. At approximately 4.10pm soldiers began to open fire on the marchers. By about 4.40pm the shooting ended with 13 people dead and a further 13 injured from gunshots.

10Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan © Eamon Melaugh (

11Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan BLOODY SUNDAY

12Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan BLOODY SUNDAY

13Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan BLOODY SUNDAY

14Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan nd Feb – funeral In Dublin, approximately 30, ,000 people turned out to march to the British Embassy. They carried 13 coffins and black flags. Later a crowd attacked the Embassy with stones and bottles, then petrol bombs, and the building was burnt to the ground. In Dublin, approximately 30, ,000 people turned out to march to the British Embassy. They carried 13 coffins and black flags. Later a crowd attacked the Embassy with stones and bottles, then petrol bombs, and the building was burnt to the ground. End of timeline

15Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan BLOODY SUNDAY

16Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan From peaceful protest Marches to Violence After 1972 : More violence Catholic homes petrol-bombed by Protestants Families forced to flee; looting by mobs Catholic businesses and pubs burnt and bombed Often witnessed by local police force passively British Army raided Catholic homes, using force and damaging property

17Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan From peaceful protest Marches to Violence Feeling more desperate, the Catholics turned to the Irish Republican Army (IRA) for help IRA : An illegal organisation formed largely of Northern Irish Catholics Aim is to use violence to drive out the British Army and the representatives of the British government Between 1969 and 1993, more than 3,000 people were killed in the conflict IRA responsible for 2/3 of the deaths Sometimes killed innocent Protestants too

18Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan Effects of the Protestant-Catholic Conflict Social segregation Protestants and Catholics segregated socially in the way they live, work and play Protestants and Catholics segregated socially in the way they live, work and play Lack of understanding between the two groups Lack of understanding between the two groups Declining economy Discouraged investments in the country Discouraged investments in the country

19Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan Political reform Unfair voting system was abolished in Unfair voting system was abolished in Puts pressure on local government to pass anti-discrimination measures Puts pressure on local government to pass anti-discrimination measures Government review the schemes for allocating houses Government review the schemes for allocating houses Effects of the Protestant-Catholic Conflict

20Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan Is there any hope for a peaceful Northern Ireland? Late 1990s, Northern Ireland peace process actively discussed – IRA announed a complete ceasefire. However, only lasted for 17 months 1998 – Good Friday Peace Agreement But peace efforts rejected by IRA which responded with a series of bomb attacks.

21Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan

22Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan CONCLUSION Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland Important for people of different races and religions to live in harmony Conflict destroys lives, homes and property Everyone suffers Need to be sensitive to one another’s needs Failure to understand and respect other’s rights will harm the country in many ways Weakens development of the country Provides excuse for stronger neighbours to interfere

23Prepared by Mrs Sandra Tan CONCLUSION Conflicts in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland cannot be resolved overnight Consequences of fighting and destruction still exist Will continue to exist until a solution is arrived at