Three Worlds Meet

“Three Worlds Meet” Outline Peopling the Americas Coming to America Empires Flourish North American Societies to 1492 Native Americans and Diverse Societies Native American Societal Structure West African Societies to 1492 Connecting with the World African Culture and Society Three Major Kingdoms European Societies to 1492 Social Order European Religion Changes in Europe The Age of Expansion The Encounter Christopher Columbus Major Impacts A New Society

Coming to America Over 12,000 years ago, people began crossing the Beringia Land Bridge from Asia into North America Nomadic (traveling) societies following food 8,000 B.C. – Groups begin hunting smaller game and gathering fruits, berries, etc. Agricultural societies begin to emerge

Empires Flourish 1,200 B.C. – First Americans begin to create larger communities Three major regions: Central/South America, Southwest N. America, and Eastern N. America Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca all empires in Central and South America Hohokam and Anasazi emerge in Southwestern North America Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian claim Eastern North America What would be some challenges to living in these regions?

North American Societies to 1492: Native American Societal Structure Trading Networks Spanned Mexico to the Atlantic Coast Brought native groups into contact with each other Regional tribes were known for specific goods Land Use Saw land as a part of nature that could not be bought or sold Revered for bringing food to native groups

Native American Societal Structure Cont’d Religion Natural world was filled with spirits (living and non-living things) Social Organization Kinship (strong family ties) helped ensure continuation of tribal customs Social order was divided by division of labor, or assignment of tasks based on gender, age, or status

Exit Slip What major change occurred between 12,000-10,000 years ago for early groups in the Americas? Explain the importance of trade to Native Americans. What role did religion play in the daily lives of Native Americans?

West African Societies to 1492: Connecting with the World Trade The Sahara Highway connected West and North Africa Through ports, Europe and Asia connected as well Islam also spread into Africa Portuguese Arrival Looking for gold, Portuguese arrive in mid-1400s Portuguese eventually enter slave trade Slaves first used to man sugar cane plantations off coast of Africa

African Culture and Society Family and Government Close ties amongst people of the same lineage Age influenced rank within family Religion Varied amongst tribes, but most worshipped spirits (present in living and non-living things) Muslim and Christian faiths also spread into area

African Culture and Society Cont’d Livelihood Farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining – all sources of labor for those in West Africa Belief of collective ownership of land Use of Slave Labor Age, gender, and social status divided labor Slaves at the bottom Slaves in Africa could work to gain their freedom

Three Major Kingdoms Songhai Benin Kongo 600-1600 A.D. – Gained power through control of Saharan trade Wealth from trade meant more money for soldiers, weapons Benin Rose to power in 1400s Another empire built on trade, dealt heavily with Portuguese when they arrived Kongo A group of villages ruled by one individual Mining civilization, traded metal goods

European Societies to 1492: Social Order Social Hierarchy Monarchs, nobility and clergy, and peasants made up social structure Peasants worked land owned by nobles through system of feudalism Could not move out of class you are born into Family in Society Life centered around nuclear family, or mother, father, and children Age and gender still played a role in labor division

European Religion 1096-1270 - Crusades Three consequences: Military expeditions into the Middle East in the name of Christianity Europeans motivated by desire to spread their faith Three consequences: Increase in trade with Holy Land and Asia Weakened nobles (lost $$$ and lives through fighting), while strengthening monarchs Decline in power of the Pope

Changes in Europe Economic and Population Growth Rise of Nations New markets established through Crusades More money + more jobs = more people Rise of Nations Weakening of nobles led to strengthening of monarchs and merchants Four nations beginning to emerge at end of 1400s: Portugal, Spain, France, and England The Renaissance Humanism – focus on the ability of the individual Questioning of Church policy made people more secular Motivation for exploration bc it called for people to have confidence in their accomplishments

The Age of Expansion New Technology Portugal Compass and astrolabe allow sailors to travel further New sail designs better harnessed wind Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator pushed to bring these inventions to Portugal 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa Within 10 years, Vasco da Gama reaches India Portuguese, rich off of gold and trade from travels, begin to look for a quicker path to India

Exit Slip Define the term Feudalism Describe one of the three consequences of the Crusades What types of technology led to the Age of Expansion?

The Encounter: Christopher Columbus An Italian, Columbus sailed for Spain August 3, 1492 – Columbus sets sail October 12, 1492 – Land spotted Three motivations for exploration: “God, Glory, and Gold” Columbus would return on 3 separate voyages – not as an explorer, but as an “empire builder”

Impact on Native Americans Colonization Establishment of distant settlements controlled by a parent country Land taken, inhabitants used as source of labor or pushed out Resistance Some native groups resisted, fought back Most were easily taken by Europeans Disease Natives had never been exposed to European diseases Measles, mumps, chicken pox, small pox – examples of diseases that would kill millions of Native Americans

Impact on Europeans Columbian Exchange National Rivalries Trading of crops native to Europe, Asia, and Africa for those native to Americas More $$$ for merchants National Rivalries Countries began fighting over colonial lands With Spain and Portugal on verge of war, Pope Alexander VI negotiates Treaty of Tordesillas Split Americas into “East” and “West” with Portugal owning East and Spain owning West

Impact on Africans Slave Trade Native Americans either refused to work or died due to disease Need for workers in Americas had Europeans turn to Africans Slave trade “ended” in 1800s after 12 million were taken from Africa

A New Society New societies would emerge from European colonies in the Americas U.S. History begins with a look at these 3 major peoples Native Americans, Africans, Europeans What kind of impact will this mulitculturalism have on the United States?