Types of Governments Distribution of Power & Citizen Participation

Preview Question What types of governments exist in the world today?

Terms to Know Distribution of Power Citizen Participation Unitary Federal Confederation Citizen Participation Autocracy Oligarchy Democratic Parliamentary Presidential

Unitary Distribution of Power Power is held by one central authority. The central government maintains all control. Regional Authority Central Authority Central Authority circle is larger because it holds more power than the regional authorities.

List of countries with Unitary Governments (non-comprehensive) Albania Belarus Belize Bolivia Bulgaria Chile Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Estonia Fiji Finland France Greece Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Italy Jamaica Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Suriname Sweden Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay Information site- http://www.forumfed.org/en/federalism/by_country/index.php

Federal (Federation) Distribution of Power Power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. Power is shared between the regional and central authorities. Central Authority Regional Authority Central Authority & Regional Authority share similar amounts of power.

List of countries with Federal Governments (24) Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Comoros Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Micronesia Nigeria Pakistan Russia St. Kitts and Nevis South Africa Spain Switzerland United Arab Emirates United States of America Venezuela Information site- http://www.forumfed.org/en/federalism/by_country/index.php

Confederation Distribution of Power Voluntary association of independent states Regional authorities grant a few powers to the central authority while retaining considerable independence. Agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action. Less binding than a federation. Secure some common purpose. Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority circles are larger because they hold more power than the Central Authority.

List of Confederations – Today Historic confederations Iroquois Confederacy (1090–present) European Union OPEC Historic confederations (non-comprehensive) New England Confederation (1643–1684) United States of America under the Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) Confederate States of America (1861–1865) Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839) Arab Islamic Republic (confederation de-facto; 1974, Libya &Tunisia) Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)

Ways Government Distributes Power Power divided between the central and regional governments All key powers are held by the central government State/regional authorities hold most of the power Unitary Federal Confederation Strong central government Weaker central government

Autocracy (Autocratic) (Citizen Participation) Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler with unlimited power. Focus is to control all aspects of the political process Maintain power through inheritance or violent use of military and police power. The oldest and most common forms of government. The citizen has limited, if any, role in government.

Forms of Autocratic Governments Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship Ideas of a single leader glorified. Government is not responsible to the people. People lack the power to limit their rulers. Government tries to control all aspects of social & economic life. Examples – Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin Absolute Monarchy Monarch exercises the supreme powers of government with unlimited power. Position is usually inherited. Absolute monarchs are rare today. From the 1400 – 1700’s they ruled most of Western Europe. Examples- King of Saudi Arabia

Oligarchy (Citizen Participation) A government in which a few people have power. Especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The group gets its power from military power, social power, wealth, religion or a combination. Political opposition is usually suppressed- sometimes violently. The citizen has a very limited role. Examples- Communist countries such as China.

Autocracy & Oligarchy Review Sometimes claim they rule for the people. In reality, the people have very little say in both types of government. Examples . . . May hold elections with only one candidate or control the results in various ways. Even when these governments have a legislature or national assembly, they often only approve decisions made by the leaders. Remy, Richard C., United States Government- Democracy in Action (Columbus, OH: Glencoe, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Democracy In a democracy, the government is elected by the people. Everyone who is eligible to vote has a chance to have their say over who runs the country. How is it different from an Autocracy or Oligarchy? Democracy – public involvement Oligarchy – government controlled by particular social class or group Monarchy/Dictatorship – government controlled by a single person A democracy is determined either directly or through elected representatives.

2 Types of Democratic Countries Parliamentary Head of the executive branch is chosen from the legislature. Prime Minister is accountable to their party in the legislature. Stays in power as long as their party stays in power. Example . . . Great Britain. Presidential Democratically elected position Independent of the legislature A president presides over an executive branch that is separate from the legislature Examples . . . USA, Mexico

Summarizing Activity Working with your partner, decide which forms of government would fit the following situations: After a civil war, an individual takes total control of the government; she has no experience in leading a government. She disbands the national congress and retains all power in government to herself. Dictatorship The new President elect wins the election by a landslide. Over 90% of the citizens vote for the new leader. Presidential Democracy A family in a remote area of Africa has taken control of a native tribe. Power has been passed down between several generations and continues to remain within this family. Oligarchy The new Prime Minister wins election narrowly due to his political party barely gaining enough seats in Parliament. Parliamentary Democracy