The Planting of English America Chapter 2

Background Three European powers had outposts on the North American continent: –Spanish at Santa Fe (1610) –French at Quebec (1608) –English at Jamestown, Virgina (1607)

England’s Sea Victory 1588: Philip II of Spain invades England with Spanish Armada. England had faster and more maneuverable boats. England’s sea victory against the Spanish helped ensure England’s naval dominance in the North Atlantic (Master of the Seas) English victory gave strong sense of nationalism.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling 1606 – Joint-stock company called the Virginia Company of London provided the financial means to support a settlement -Charter stated that the members could bring Christianity to the natives, explore for precious metals, trade with the natives, and to look for the Northwest Passage. -Guaranteed the settlers the same rights of Englishman.

(Real reason: Economic gain) Owners advertised to those seeking adventure. Three ships sailed-all men. Real Reason: Economic gain – promise of gold and Northwest passage for trade – Jamestown settlement along the James River. Established in present- day Virginia.

Jamestown Settlement, 1609

Jamestown Fort, 1609

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Chapel, 1611

English Migration: Head Right System

Problems at Jamestown Gentlemen: Only 12 were skilled laborers Wasted time looking for gold Didn’t plant crops which resulted in a food shortage led to “The Starving Time” – Winter of Many died from starvation. Caught malaria – swampy location 2/3rds died Weather Only men Lack of leadership

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake Poor relationship with local tribes because Europeans considered Indians to be heathens who were inferior beings

Powhatan Confederacy

Powhatan Indian Village

Native American Population in North America

1622 Indian Uprisings

Jamestown Saved from Collapse Solutions of Jamestown: Captain John Smith became leader “He who shall not work shall not eat.” Developed good relationship with Powhatan as mentioned in his journal entitled The Generall Historie of Virginia

Captain John Smith

Who is Pocahontas?

The Pocahontas Connection Saved Captain John Smith (story might be a myth) She was kidnapped, held as ransom in exchange for English prisoners Converted to Christianity, renamed “Rebecca” While a hostage she Married John Rolfe Sailed to England Went to the Banqueting Hall where she met Queen Anne, wife of James I

John Rolfe

Banqueting Hall

PocahontasPocahontas

Pocahontas boards a ship for Virginia On her way back to Virginia she boards a ship and dies of smallpox. St. George’s Church in Gravesend, England.

Jamestown Colonization Pattern:

Early Colonial Tobacco — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Virginia: Child of Tobacco John Rolfe developed a cash crop – tobacco Tobacco is marketable within one year. It takes simple processing. Promoted the plantation system with its need for laborers – A Dutch warship landed and sold about 20 Africans as slaves. This planted the seeds of the North American slave system. Influx of supplies, slaves, and women from England Poor women agreed to be auctioned in marriage for $80 of tobacco once they arrived at Jamestown = “Tobacco Brides”

Tobacco Tobacco required more land so Chesapeake region expanded faster than New England in the north

Establishment of a Mini Parliament 1619: The London Company authorized the settlers to establish the House of Burgesses. The Virginia House of Burgesses establishes a form of representative self government (miniature parliament) Colonists could own private property 1624: James I revoked the charter making Virginia a royal colony under his control.

Virginia House of Burgesses

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Jamestown settlement? (Possible FRQ) Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Jamestown settlement? (Possible FRQ)

17c Population in the Chesapeake

Population of Chesapeake Colonies:

Colonization of Virginia And Maryland Colonization of Virginia And Maryland

Maryland: Catholic Haven 1634: Maryland established as the fourth English Colony. 2 nd Lord Baltimore = Cecil Calvert (son of George Calvert) Proprietary Colony (Had an owner) Religious tolerance - Refuge for Catholics Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 was the earliest colonial law related to religious freedom for all Christians which helped protect Catholics. Planted tobacco as a cash crop.

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

The West Indies (Carribean): Way Station to Mainland America Barbados set the stage for statutes governing slaves in North America. The “code” defined slaves’ legal status and owner’s control. Major crop: Sugar cane – First, clearing of land; then, needed to be planted extensively; finally, elaborate process to refine. Thus a large # of laborers needed. Slavery became a cheap labor force which wouldn’t rebel.

Settling the Lower South

Port of Charles Town, SC The only southern port city.

Southern Colonies added… Eight nobles (the Lord’s Proprietors) were granted a colony by Charles II. 1670: The Carolinas were formed with Charles Town as the capital. 1712: the Carolinas were separated and became North and South Carolina. Also known as “The Restoration Colonies” – Colonization was interrupted by the Civil War in England in the 1640’s, therefore, the time period after the war when Charles II was restored to the throne was called the Restoration Period) you member from last year.

Colonizing the Carolinas Many of these original settlers had come from Barbados and brought the slave system with them. Indian slave trading also occurred. Exported rice, Indian slaves to West Indies (Carribean) and New England. Also exported wine, silk, and olive oil.

Crops of the Carolinas IndigoIndigo RiceRice

Rice & Indigo Exports from SC & GA:

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony James Oglethorpe established in Provided a refuge for people who couldn’t pay their debt (what they owe). Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas (and the French in Louisiana) Silk and wine The last of the 13 colonies to be established.

James Oglethorpe made friends with the Creek Indians

League of the Iroquois

Iroquois Lands & European Trade Centers

The Iroquois Were the only Native Americans who were able to unite and become strong enough to resist the English colonists successfully Known as the League of the Iroquois or the Iroquois Confederacy. Made up of five Native American nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk. (1772 Tuscarora) Lived in Longhouses. The five nations remained relatively independent of one another.