Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America CHAPTER 20 4/6/2017 CHAPTER 20 Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Section 4: The Enlightenment Section 5: The American Revolution

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Objectives: Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles I and Parliament. Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start the English Civil War. Identify who would have supported the two sides in the English Revolution. Investigate what led to the downfall of republican government in England.

Charles I and Parliament Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Charles I and Parliament Charles I believed in divine right of kings, was married to a French Catholic princess Parliament opposed his tax measures

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution The Long Parliament Irish were dispossessed by British, treated brutally Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House of Commons to arrest opponents Neither side would compromise

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution English Civil War Cavaliers – called royalists, supported the king Roundheads – supported Parliament Oliver Cromwell – organized New Model Army and defeated Charles Rump Parliament – abolished monarchy and House of Lords, proclaimed England a commonwealth, tried Charles I for treason

Cromwell’s Commonwealth Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Cromwell’s Commonwealth Raised money from taxes and land sales Army was disciplined and powerful Enemies had no organized army Encouraged trade and manufacturing

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution End of the Revolution Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, then dissolved it Charles II restored monarchy

Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Objectives: Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule of Charles II and James II. Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the monarchy after the Restoration. Identify the principal features of Britain’s limited constitutional monarchy.

The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Political parties develop – Charles tried to increase toleration for Catholicism; Tories supported Anglican Church, Whigs opposed having Catholic ruler The Glorious Revolution – bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy; religious attitudes led to suspicion, conflict with Parliament, and opposition to the kings’ policies

Changes in English Government Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Changes in English Government Habeas Corpus Act and Declaration of Rights – protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment, unfairly high bail, or cruel or unusual punishment Toleration Act and Act of Settlement – religious freedoms to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics or Jews; Act of Settlement kept Catholics from the English throne

Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Parliamentary Rule Growing power of Parliament – monarch must consult with Parliament; development of cabinet and prime minister Act of Union – united England and Scotland into Great Britain Constitutional monarchy – monarch remained head of state, royal powers were limited by constitution

English Colonial Expansion Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Objectives: Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they accomplished. Explore the results of the British mercantilist policy.

The Beginnings of the British Empire Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The Beginnings of the British Empire Explorers and sea dogs – English sea captains who challenged the Portuguese and Spanish monopolies of sea trade, plundered foreign ships, helped defeat Spanish Armada The British in India – British East India Company

English Colonial Expansion Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The British in America British settlements – Jamestown and Plymouth Mercantilism and the British colonies – discouraged colonial manufacturing and forced colonists to sell certain products only to Britain

The Enlightenment Objectives: Section 4: Identify the principal characteristics of Enlightenment thinking. Analyze the similarities and differences in the ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.

Crusaders of the Enlightenment Section 4: The Enlightenment Crusaders of the Enlightenment Believed that natural law governed human behavior and that truth could be determined by logic, secularism, and individualism

The Enlightenment Political Criticism Section 4: Montesquieu – government divided into branches to create checks on political power Voltaire – criticized intolerance and attempts to suppress personal freedoms Rousseau – distrusted reason, opposed strong government, supported popular sovereignty

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Objectives: Explain how Americans responded to British policies after the French and Indian War. Describe what type of government Americans set up after the American Revolution.

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Empire and Conflict British-French rivalry – Seven Years’ War; British won control of much of North America Increased imperial control – Sugar Act, Stamp Act, “taxation without representation” Intensified conflict – colonists hardened their resistance to British policies

American Independence Section 5: The American Revolution American Independence The Declaration of Independence – government is created to protect individual rights and cannot exist without the consent of the governed, who can alter or abolish it The war for independence – weak American government, brutal Hessian mercenaries, strong American military leadership War and peace – French alliance with United States, as well as Spain and Netherlands, brought American victory

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Governing a New Nation The Articles of Confederation – weak central government, placed power in individual states The Constitution – federal government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial; Bill of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights Effects of American independence – democracy that inspired loyalty