Nationalism in Europe CHAPTER 25 Section 1: The Unification of Italy 4/6/2017 CHAPTER 25 Nationalism in Europe Section 1: The Unification of Italy Section 2: The Unification of Germany Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary

The Unification of Italy Section 1: The Unification of Italy Objectives: Describe the events that led to nationalistic movements for unification in Italy. Identify the important leaders in the fight for the unification of Italy. Explain the problems Italy faced after unification.

Liberals and Nationalists in Italy Section 1: The Unification of Italy Liberals and Nationalists in Italy Risorgimento – goals were liberation and unification Young Italy movement – wanted a republic to rule Italy Revolts in several Italian states failed

Sardinia, France, and Austria Section 1: The Unification of Italy Sardinia, France, and Austria Cavour’s Sardinia – Cavour believed in separation of church and state Napoléon III – French emperor, wanted France to dominate Italian states War with Austria – Cavour and Napoléon conspired against Austria, but neither won dominance

Garibaldi and the Thousand Section 1: The Unification of Italy Garibaldi and the Thousand Two Sicilies – Garibaldi and his army invaded and captured Sicily and Naples, stopped by Cavour

Unification and its Problems Section 1: The Unification of Italy Unification and its Problems Cultural traditions Tensions between industrialized north and agricultural south

The Unification of Germany Section 2: The Unification of Germany Objectives: Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe. Identify the ways in which German unification differed from Italian unification. Describe the changes in German government that occurred as a result of unification.

The Unification of Germany Section 2: The Unification of Germany Prussia as Leader Large army Efficient government Strong economy German nationalism

The Unification of Germany Section 2: The Unification of Germany The Zollverein Adopted uniform weights, measures, and currency

Bismarck and Prussian Strength Section 2: The Unification of Germany Bismarck and Prussian Strength Collected taxes without approval Ignored constitution

The Unification of Germany Section 2: The Unification of Germany Wars of Unification The Danish War – Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark over new Danish constitution The Seven Weeks’ War – ended with Treaty of Prague The Franco-Prussian War – Bismarck provoked war with the French and defeated them

Formation of the German Empire Section 2: The Unification of Germany Formation of the German Empire Included all German states except Austria Bundesrat and Reichstag – made up legislative branch of new government Prussian king ruled Germany and had most representatives in legislature

Opposition to Bismarck Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Objectives: Explain the problems Bismarck faced as chancellor of the German Empire. Describe how Germany became industrialized under Bismarck’s leadership. Identify the factors that led to the decline of Bismarck’s power as chancellor.

Problems for the Empire Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Problems for the Empire Political groups opposed Bismarck’s policies Tension between Prussia and other German states Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic program, ended so Bismarck could gain support of Centre Party

Industrial Development under Bismarck Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Industrial Development under Bismarck Standardized money and banking laws Centralized postal and telegraph services Encouraged cartels

Opposition to Bismarck Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Socialism in Germany Social Democratic Party – most were urban workers; twelve members of Reichstag; opposed by Bundesrat

Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign Government-directed social reforms – did not end socialism, but reduced workers’ grievances

The Resignation of Bismarck Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck The Resignation of Bismarck William II – conservative, absolute authority of monarch; accepted Bismarck’s resignation

Reform and Revolution in Russia Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Objectives: Explain the geographical and cultural factors that made Russia different from the rest of Europe. Describe the characteristics of Russian domestic and foreign policies. Identify the reform movements that occurred in Russia and their results.

Reform and Revolution in Russia Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia The Russian Empire Undeveloped resources Lack of ports Diversity of population

Russian Domestic and Foreign Policies Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Russian Domestic and Foreign Policies Czar had absolute power “Russification” – forced non-Russian citizens to adopt Russian customs Pan-Slavism Southward expansion led to defeat in the Crimean War

Alexander II and Reforms Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Alexander II and Reforms Emancipation for the serfs – moved to cities and became cheap sources of labor Alexander II’s other reforms – provincial and county-level councils, civil and criminal courts, limited power of secret police, expanded education, reorganized military

Radicals and Government Reaction Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Radicals and Government Reaction Terrorist attacks – bombings and assassinations by political groups Time of repression – censorship, control of church and education, spies and informers, imprisonment and exile

Reform and Revolution in Russia Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia The Revolution of 1905 “Bloody Sunday” – czar’s troops shot unarmed strikers; mutinies in army and navy October Manifesto – promised individual liberties, but autocracy continued Failed to overthrow czar

Unrest in Austria-Hungary Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary Section 5: Objectives: Explain what led to the formation of the Dual Monarchy and what problems it faced. Describe how the decline of the Ottoman Empire affected European politics. Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern Europe set the stage for a showdown among the major powers.

Results of the Uprisings Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary Results of the Uprisings Metternich resigned after revolts Magyars dominated Hungary

Formation of the Dual Monarchy Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary Formation of the Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary – had ministries for war, finance, and foreign affairs; each had own parliament

The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans Military defeats Diverse peoples in Balkans desired and won self-rule Russia supported Balkan independence Great Britain supported suppression of self-rule

The Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary The Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars Treaty of Stefano – granted independence to several Balkan territories Balkan League – Balkan nations who united to declare war on Ottoman Empire; Balkans won but fought a second war over division of lands