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Precipitation Reactions Graphic: Wikimedia Commons User Tubifex

Double Replacement Reactions The ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds. AX + BY  AY + BX One of the compounds formed is usually a precipitate (an insoluble solid), an insoluble gas that bubbles out of solution, or a molecular compound, usually water.

Double replacement forming a precipitate… Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI 2 (s) + 2KNO 3 (aq) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 NO 3 - (aq) + 2 K + (aq) +2 I - (aq)  PbI 2 (s) + 2K + (aq) + 2 NO 3 - (aq) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 I - (aq)  PbI 2 (s) Double replacement (ionic) equation Complete ionic equation shows compounds as aqueous ions Net ionic equation eliminates the spectator ions Lead(II) nitrate + potassium iodide  lead(II) iodide + potassium nitrate

Solubility Rules – AP Chemistry All sodium, potassium, ammonium, and nitrate salts are soluble in water. Memorization of other “solubility rules” is beyond the scope of this course and the AP Exam. Therefore, the following slides are only for your amusement, and will not be tested

Solubility Rules – Mostly Soluble

Solubility Rules – Mostly Insoluble

Solubility Chart: Common salts at 25  C S = Soluble I = Insoluble P = Partially Soluble X = Other