Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Subordinate Relative Clauses Based on Susan Bland’s Grammar and on Summit 2 01

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Observe: I wouldn’t have done it, if it weren’t for the teacher who guided me. Not any teacher. The sentence defines, specifies that teacher. The teacher, who studies hard, can do great work. It brings up the idea that is part of the concept of being a teacher: to study continuously.

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF More examples... I visited my sister who lives in Fortaleza. = I have two or more sisters and I visited the one living in Fortaleza. I visited my sister, who lives in Fortaleza. = I have only one sister and the fact that she lives in Fortaleza is a detail about her.

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF My classroom has 17 desks that are broken. = There are more than 17 desks, but 17 are broken. My classroom has 17 desks, which are broken. = There are 17 and all of them are broken. It defines the word “desks”

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Read the story below: who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus which occurred in 1955 This story is about an African-American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus. Her refusal, which occurred in 1955, was the departure point to the civil rights movement in the United States. 02 Not any woman. It’ s necessary to define who the woman is and restrict it’s meaning.

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF whose name was Rosa Parks that demanded civil rights for African-Americans The woman, whose name was Rosa Parks, was arrested. However, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a year- long boycott of the bus system. The boycott was successful, and led to mass protests that demanded civil rights for African-Americans. 03 This piece of Information is a detail about the woman already mentioned in the beginning of the text. The information does not define the woman There were other protests, but these ones requested civil rights for African –Americans.

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Summarizing 04

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Thinking about grammar Why aren’t the clauses in blue in between commas? Why are the ones in red between commas? 05

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Defining and Giving Directions Passive resistance is the nonviolent dissent that Martin Luther King, Jr., encouraged in the 1960s. Turn left onto State Street. The memorial, which is next to the library, is on your right. 06

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Relative Clauses – Definition They are adjective clauses that generally begin with relative pronouns: Who – people Whom – people That That – people, things and events (not after comma) Which – animals, things, events Whose Whose – possession 07

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Relative Clauses – Function & Features Like adjectives, relative clauses modify nouns. They are dependent clauses. They immediately follow the nouns they modify. 08

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Restrictive clause (defining): It gives information that helps to uniquely identify the noun that it describes. Non-restrictive (nonrestrictive/nondefining): It adds extra information about the noun it modifies. This information is not necessary to identify the noun. Relative Clauses – Types 09

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Restrictive Clauses - Examples My brother who attends college is very shy. Meaning: I have two brothers. This one attends college and is shy. My other brother doesn’t attend college. RESTRICTION 10

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Restrictive Clauses - Examples My brother, who attends college, is very shy. Meaning: My only brother is very shy. He also attends college. EXTRA INFORMATION 11

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Subjects and Objects When to omit the relative pronoun Rodolfo is the man. We want to reward the man. whom/who/thatRodolfo is the man whom/who/that we want to reward. Rodolfo is the man we want to reward. OBJECT

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF Observe: Rodolfo is the guy. Rodolfo is a personal stylist. Rodolfo is the guy who is a personal stylist. SUBJECT

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF More Examples The lady whom I saw looked at me. who I saw that I saw I saw The road which Dave took was a shortcut. that Dave took Dave took 12

Advanced course – Summit 2 Angela Carvalho April/ 2008 CMF See you next class !