Spanish Conquest In The Americas (Ch. 4 Sec 1)

Spain and Portugal These 2 Western European countries were the first to colonize the Americas (The New World)

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506 Was born in Genoa, Northern Italy sailed for Spain 1492 in search of a western sea route to the Far East (China) he never reached China, he reached the Caribbean

Christopher Columbus ● The Caribbean Columbus really landed in the Bahamas Columbus claimed the island for Spain, called it San Salvador “Holy Savior”

Tainos

Tainos Called Arawaks in English He took each island in the Caribbean as a colony for Spain and searched them for gold Called Arawaks in English These were the Native Americans in the Bahamas where Columbus first arrived Columbus/Spain began a process that turned all the lands of North/South America into European colonies

Brazil 1500 Colonized by Pedro Alvares for Portugal

Portuguese in Brazil 1500 Pedro Alvarez conquers Brazil for Portugal Brazil was only area in South America Spain did not control

Portuguese in Brazil

Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese grew sugar in Brazil 1530’s Portuguese colonists settled Brazil’s coastal regions Portuguese grew sugar in Brazil Portuguese enslaved Natives in Brazil and later Africans to work sugar plantations in Brazil Portugal became very wealthy from Brazilian sugar

Amerigo Vespucci Sailed the coast of South America for Portugal first to proclaim a new world had been found ● 1507 German mapmaker named South America after Amerigo Vespucci

Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1515 marched through Panama and claimed it for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522 explored Guam, conquered the Philippines for Spain (but he was Portuguese)

Ferdinand Magellan Magellan killed in the Philippines his crew claimed Guam and Philippines for Spain 18 of original 230 men made it back to Spain 1522 (3 years later): first men to circumnavigate the globe

Hernando Cortes

Hernando Cortes 1519 sailed for Spain to Mexico he marched inward to conquer new lands in Meso-America (Mexico and Central America) for Spain

Hernando Cortes Cortes learned of the wealthy Aztec Empire

Aztecs

Tenochitlan Aztec Capital: modern-day Mexico City Cortes and his 600 men reach Tenocitlan after four weeks of searching (1519)

Tenochitlan

Moctezuma II Aztec Emperor when Cortes arrives (1519) Convinced Cortes was an Aztec God: Quetzalcoatl

Moctezuma II agreed to give Cortes a share of Aztec’s gold Cortes quickly enslaved and forced Aztecs into mines to dig up gold

Hernando Cortes 1520 Aztecs revolt and temporarily push Cortes out

Hernando Cortes 1521 Cortes returns and reconquers Aztecs for Spain

Cortes’ 3 Advantages Aztecs (and other natives) were defenseless against European diseases (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus) able to convince other natives in the region to help him against Aztecs (they wanted revenge) Spaniards had cannons, muskets, horses

Francisco Pizarro 1532 conquers parts of South America for Spain (modern day Ecuador and Peru)

Inca Empire

Atahualpa Inca ruler (1532) Met Pizarro’s 200 men for battle

Atahualpa Atahualpa had 30,000 unarmed men Spaniards crushed them with firearms and kidnapped Atahualpa

Atahualpa promised Spaniards piles of gold and silver for his release The Inca delivered the gold/silver: Spaniards strangled Atahualpa in front of Incas after they got the ransom

Atahualpa Incas were demoralized and surrendered

Yucatans Mayas 1542 conquered by Spaniards 1697 Finally conquered by Spaniards

Spain Pushes North 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida 1540 Francisco Coronado led an expedition through American Southwest

Spain’s Empire 1700

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest Conquistadors: Spanish explorers that carved out colonies in Latin America in search of gold and silver Peninsulares: Spanish settlers were almost all men Forced marriage between Spanish settlers and native women was common this created a new mixed race of Spanish and Native American blood (Mestizo) Encomiendas: Spaniards forced Natives to ranch, farm, and mine for Spanish landlords

Forced Marriage

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest Forced Conversion to Christianity ● Priests accompanied conquistadors on their expeditions to forcefully convert Natives to Catholicism

Forced Conversion

Forced Conversion

Santa Fe, New Mexico: first Catholic mission in the U.S: missions became the headquarters for forced conversion of Natives to Catholicism

Bartolome de Las Casas a Catholic Priest spoke out against the harsh treatment of Natives on encomiendas first to suggest enslaving Africans for labor in the new world some priests contributed to the abuse and loss of autonomy by the Native Americans

Rise of New World Slavery Africans had prior exposure to European diseases and did not die from them as much as Native Americans Spaniards, Portuguese, and British (later) all began using Africans as slave labor in the new world

Native Resistance 1493 Tainos on St. Croix revolted against Columbus with poison arrows Tainos revolted there again in 1495 before finally being subdued

Native Resistance end of 1600’s Pueblos in New Mexico revolted against the Spanish With forced conversion to Catholicism, priests burned Natives’ sacred objects and forbade their rituals Those who practiced their own religion were beaten

Native Resistance 1680 Pop’e (Pueblo ruler) led an uprising against the Spanish in New Mexico

Native Resistance Pueblo Revolt 17,000 warriors from all over New Mexico fought the Spanish they pushed Spaniards back into Mexico for 12 years

Spain’s Influence Spain’s American colonies made it the richest most powerful nation in the world by the late 16th century Spain built a powerful navy and army to protect its colonies