Nura Nasir M&E Specialist Nigeria MEMS II July 13, 2011

Overview Geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

Uses GIS enables users to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data (in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts) in many ways that reveal patterns, trends and interrelationships that would be more difficult to discover in tabular format. GIS allows policy makers to easily visualize problems in relation to existing social services and the natural environment and so more effectively target resources.

Uses contd… GIS technology can be used for earth surface- based scientific investigations; resource management reference and projections of a geospatial nature, both man-made and natural; asset management and location planning archaeology; environmental impact-assessment; infrastructure assessment and development; urban planning; cartography, for a thematic and/or time- based purpose; criminology; geospatial intelligence; geographic history; marketing; Logistics; population and demographic studies; prospectivity mapping; statistical analysis; Environmental Contamination; Disease surveillance; military planning.

Some sources of GIS data Topographical maps Aerial photography Satellite images GPS coordinates

Some GIS files Shape files: a format for storing the geometric location and attribute information of geographic features - represented by points (distinct locations - schools, health facilities etc.); lines (roads, rivers); or polygons (areas/boundaries). Geodatabases: a "container" used to hold a collection of geographic datasets. Text files: used to record x, y, and z coordinates representing, longitude, latitude, and elevation, respectively.

GIS in M&E Linking GIS with M&E in a development program helps to assess progress while considering geographic characteristics. This can better be achieved by establishing reliable baseline. Using baseline data, project partners/ participants/stakeholders determine targets. Usually, baseline studies encompass socio- economic surveys, and their results are generally spatially distributed variables.

Therefore, analysis of survey data benefits greatly from spatial display and analysis - as spatial patterns can be identified and generally data is more easily comprehensible to the human mind if displayed graphically/spatially. After baseline values for performance indicators are set, their change over time can be monitored using GIS to see if the planned targets are reached or can be reached realistically in the defined timeframe. And, based on this information, steering measures can be taken if it becomes obvious that targets cannot be reached.

GIS application in planning, monitoring and evaluation 1) Planning a) Education intervention b) Health intervention c) Services integration

2) Monitoring i) Diseases prevalence rate ii) Trend analysis a) Epidemiology b) Performance monitoring

3) Evaluation a) Coverage b) Impact

Planning

Planning education intervention 5.7 km

Planning education intervention (2)

Planning health intervention HIV prevalence rate

Planning health intervention (2)

Planning health intervention (3)

Services integration

Monitoring

HIV prevalence rate

Distribution of WPV1 infected LGAs by quarter, # Infected LGAs: 25 WPV1 (n=37) # Infected LGAs: 85 WPV1 (n=136) # Infected LGAs: 140 WPV1 (n=355) Quarter 2, 2008Quarter 4, 2007Quarter 1, 2008 Quarter 3, 2008 # Infected LGAs: 113 WPV1 (n=196) Quarter 4, 2008 # Infected LGAs: 32 WPV1 (n=39) Quarter 1, 2009 # Infected LGAs: 44 WPV1 (n=54)

Routine Immunization Performance: OPV3 coverage, Jan-Sept 2007 <50% % >=80%

Evaluation

Coverage and impact

Other applications

Media coverage

Some licensed GIS software ArcView, ArcGIS by ESRI Map 3D, Topobase, MapGuide by Autodesk Bentley Map by Bentley Systems Some free GIS software HealthMapper by WHO PostGIS by Refractions Research GeoTools by Java

Sample GIS software Map layers

Further reading Bolstad, P. (2005) GIS Fundamentals: A first text on Geographic Information Systems Chang, K. (2007) Introduction to Geographic Information System Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R.A. (1998) Principles of geographical information systems. Tomlinson, R.F., (2005) Thinking About GIS: Geographic Information System Planning for Managers Maguire, D.J., Goodchild M.F., Rhind D.W. (1997) "Geographic Information Systems: principles, and applications"

Merci!