An Introduction to the Police Service 2 Functions, Roles and Organisational Structures

Key Questions What should be the functions of the police? What should be the functions of the police? Whose views influence the way in which policing takes place in Britain? Whose views influence the way in which policing takes place in Britain? Is it possible to arrive at an all encompassing definition of policing? Is it possible to arrive at an all encompassing definition of policing? How is the police structured as an organisation? How is the police structured as an organisation? How might we think about the recent problems associated with the police? How might we think about the recent problems associated with the police?

The Police: A Definition those organised forms of order-maintenance, peacekeeping, rule or law enforcement and other forms of investigation and information- brokering-which may involve a conscious exercise of coercive power-undertaken by individuals or organisations, where such activities are viewed by them and/or others as a central defining part of their purpose Jones,T and Newburn,T (98) Private Security and Public Policing. Oxford, Clarendon those organised forms of order-maintenance, peacekeeping, rule or law enforcement and other forms of investigation and information- brokering-which may involve a conscious exercise of coercive power-undertaken by individuals or organisations, where such activities are viewed by them and/or others as a central defining part of their purpose Jones,T and Newburn,T (98) Private Security and Public Policing. Oxford, Clarendon

Peels 9 Principles of Policing 1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. 3. Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. 4. The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.

Peels Principles of Policing contd. 5. Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. 6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. 7. Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence 8. Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it.

Functions and Roles The prevention of crime The prevention of crime The detection of offenders if crime is committed The detection of offenders if crime is committed The protection of life and property The protection of life and property The preservation of public tranquillity The preservation of public tranquillity

The Context of the Role of the Police Legal Sectoral Geographical Spatial Informational

Peace Keeping or Crime Fighting PK = Discretion, negotiation, informality, proactivity, localised, Dixon of Dock Green PK = Discretion, negotiation, informality, proactivity, localised, Dixon of Dock Green CF= Centralisation, limited contact with public, paramilitary model, weaponry and other armour, highly visible CF= Centralisation, limited contact with public, paramilitary model, weaponry and other armour, highly visible

Plural Policing Specialist Policing Depts Domestic Violence, Criminal Investigation, Child Abuse Investigation, Economic Crime Unit, Firearms Unit, Tactical Support Unit, Underwater and Search Dept Domestic Violence, Criminal Investigation, Child Abuse Investigation, Economic Crime Unit, Firearms Unit, Tactical Support Unit, Underwater and Search Dept Providers of Specialist Services/Assistance Serious and Organised Crime Agency, HM Revenue and Customs, Crime and Disorder Partnerships, Non-Home Office Forces (RAF police,Royal Marines police, RMP, MOD police, Atomic Energy Constabulary, Parks police, MI5, M16 Serious and Organised Crime Agency, HM Revenue and Customs, Crime and Disorder Partnerships, Non-Home Office Forces (RAF police,Royal Marines police, RMP, MOD police, Atomic Energy Constabulary, Parks police, MI5, M16 Private Policing Organisations Security Guards, Private Detective Agencies, Door Supervisors, Private CCTV Equipment Security Guards, Private Detective Agencies, Door Supervisors, Private CCTV Equipment Civilian Policing Special Constables, Neighbourhood Watch, Police Volunteers, Crimewatch Special Constables, Neighbourhood Watch, Police Volunteers, Crimewatch Municipal Policing and Regulation Environmental Health Officers, Traffic Wardens, Anti-social behaviour teams, Trading standards, Health and Safety Officers Environmental Health Officers, Traffic Wardens, Anti-social behaviour teams, Trading standards, Health and Safety Officers Partnership Policing Crime and Disorder Partnerships, Housing Associations, Youth Offending Teams, Drug Action Teams Crime and Disorder Partnerships, Housing Associations, Youth Offending Teams, Drug Action Teams Source: Grieve, J (07) Policing Sage

Structures and Organisation 1 Local Vs national Local Vs national No national police force, 43 separate forces, some degree of collaboration, HQ (management team and specialist and support teams), geographical zones called Basic Command Units (BCUs) are responsible for local policing, decentralised and local, protective services can be national (SOCA) No national police force, 43 separate forces, some degree of collaboration, HQ (management team and specialist and support teams), geographical zones called Basic Command Units (BCUs) are responsible for local policing, decentralised and local, protective services can be national (SOCA) Tripartism (1964 Police Act) Tripartism (1964 Police Act) Home Secretary, Police Authorities, Chief Constable Home Secretary, Police Authorities, Chief Constable Police and Magistrates Court Act 94 and the Police Act 96 required local councillors, magistrates and independent members to comprise the Police Authority. This body appoints the Chief Constable subject to approval from the Home Secretary Police and Magistrates Court Act 94 and the Police Act 96 required local councillors, magistrates and independent members to comprise the Police Authority. This body appoints the Chief Constable subject to approval from the Home Secretary Managerialism, Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness Managerialism, Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness Value for money, restrictions on budgets, less emphasis on the causes of crime and more on measurement and efficacy, performance objectives, New Public Management Value for money, restrictions on budgets, less emphasis on the causes of crime and more on measurement and efficacy, performance objectives, New Public Management

Structures and Organisation 2 HMIC (Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary) HMIC (Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary) First appointed in 1856, assure standards are achieved and maintained, good practice is disseminated, performance is improved, conduct regular inspections, best value, themes IPCC (Independent Police Complaints Commission) IPCC (Independent Police Complaints Commission) Replaced Police Complaints Authority in 2004, secure and review recording, handling and investigation of complaints, investigators have full police powers on duty and have access to premises, documents etc. NPIA (National Police Improvement Agency) NPIA (National Police Improvement Agency) NDPB that supports police nationally and replaces individual bodies that have hitherto undertaken national roles. E.G. Centrex, supports mission critical policing priorities which replaces National Policing Plan which in turn came from Police Reform Act 02, Bichard enquiry/Soham murders

Philosophies of Policing Peel (Beat policing and Unit Beat policing) Peel (Beat policing and Unit Beat policing) Problem-oriented policing Problem-oriented policing Herman Goldstein Herman Goldstein Zero Tolerance policing Zero Tolerance policing Pioneered by Supt Ray Mallon in Middlesborough Pioneered by Supt Ray Mallon in Middlesborough Broken windows thesis Wilson JQ and Kelling GL (82) Broken windows thesis Wilson JQ and Kelling GL (82) Total Geographic policing Total Geographic policing Intelligence led policing Intelligence led policing National Intelligence Model (NIM) National Intelligence Model (NIM) Neighbourhood policing Neighbourhood policing Risk management policing Risk management policing Ericson, R and Haggerty, K (97) Ericson, R and Haggerty, K (97)

Policing and its problems Organisation culture Organisation culture Mission, cynicism, suspicion, conservatism, machismo, isolation and solidarity, racial prejudice, pragmatism Race and Diversity Race and Diversity Lawrence Enquiry/Macpherson Report Gender and Policing Gender and Policing Women officers and their roles, policing of women victims