HNI/HNC 440 Research in Nursing

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Presentation transcript:

HNI/HNC 440 Research in Nursing Marie Ann Marino, EdD, RN, PNP Clinical Associate Professor

Course Overview Course Outline Texts and Readings Course Requirements Late Submissions Attendance Group Formation

The Role of Research in Nursing

How Do Nurses Know What They Know? Tradition Authority Clinical experience and intuition Logical reasoning Disciplined research Some of what students learn is based on scientific research, but much is not. It has been estimated that 86% of health care practice has not been scientifically validated. Tradition: Passage of knowledge from one generation to another…We’ve always done it that way…There is a growing concern that many nursing interventions are based on tradition, customs, and ‘unit culture’ rather than on sound evidence Authority: Nurses looked to physicians for a great deal of their practice knowledge. It has only been recently that nurses have begun to build a unique body of nursing knowledge. Questions to ask: How does the authority figure know? What evidence is there that the information being given is valid? Clinical experience and intuition—expert knowledge—individual observations and perceptions may or may not be valid and cannot be generalized Logical reasoning—logical thought processes—combines experience, intellectual capacity, and formal systems of thought: Inductive reasoning—process of developing generalizations from specific observations. Deductive reasoning—process of developing specific predictions from general principles. Disciplined research—Most sophisticated means of acquiring evidence. Allows nurses to base their clinical practice on research based findings rather than tradition, authority or personal experience.

What is Nursing Research? A systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues important to the nursing profession

Nursing Research: An Historical Perspective

Nineteenth Century – After 1850 Beginning of nursing as a formal discipline Concepts are congruent with current priorities of nursing research Believed systematic collection and exploration of data were necessary for nursing Her research led to a variety of health reforms during the Crimean War Concepts: Promotion of health, Prevention of disease, care of the sick

Twentieth Century – Before 1950 Focus was mainly on nursing education Leaders: Lavinia Dock, Anne Goodrich, Adelaide Nutting, Isabel Hampton Robb and Lillian Wald Gathered documentation to establish nursing as a profession and reform nursing education Clinically-oriented research centered mainly on morbidity and mortality rates 1920: First nursing research course Photo: Lillian Wald 1st course: Isabel M. Stewart TC

Twentieth Century – After 1950 Groundwork is laid for nursing’s current level of research skill Expansion of nursing programs; graduate programs including research courses Research priority: Practice-oriented research 1986: National Center for Nursing Formed (later became NINR) Expansion of master’s and doctoral programs 1993 - NINR institute status at the NIH

Future Directions Continued expansion of nursing knowledge Numerous opportunities to study important research questions Focus is on promoting health and ameliorating the side effects of illness and the consequences of treatment Goal is to provide the foundation for evidence-based practice Expansion of doctoral programs

NINR: Research Themes Changing lifestyle behavior for better health (starting healthy behaviors) Managing the effects of chronic illness to improve quality of life Identifying effective strategies to reduce health disparities Harnessing advanced technologies to serve human needs Enhancing end-of-life experience for patients and families

Purposes of Nursing Research Basic research Applied research General purpose of nursing research is to answer questions or solve problems of relevance to the nursing profession. Basic research is concerned with generating new knowledge by generating new theories or testing theory—immediate application of results is not the goal (e.g. animal research) Applied research focuses on finding solutions to existing problems—generating knowledge that can be used immediately or in the near future—most nursing studies.

Methods for Nursing Research Scientific Method and Quantitative Research Naturalistic Method and Qualitative Research The quantitative research methodology is based on the positivist paradigm which assume that there is an objective reality and that natural phenomena are regular and orderly. There is a reality out there that can be studied and known. This lends itself to the scientific method of study—which refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures used to acquire information. Qualitative research is based on the naturalistic paradigm—the assumption that reality is not a fixed entity but is a construction of human minds and therefore ‘truth’ is a composite of multiple constructions of reality. Qualitative researchers emphasize understanding the human experience as it is lived through collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials that take place in a natural setting. Naturalists believe that the scientific method is ‘reductionist’. That it reduces the human experience to only concepts that are under investigation, and those concepts have been previously defined by the researcher rather than emerging fro the experience of those under study.

Importance of Nursing Research Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Credibility of the Nursing Profession Accountability for Nursing Practice Documentation of Cost-Effectiveness of Nursing Care The major reason for conducting nursing research is to foster optimum care for our patients. Evidence-based practice may be defined as the use of the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions. In the past, nursing has frequently been thought of as a vocation rather than a profession. The struggle for nurses to gain professional status has been a long and difficult one. One of the criteria for a profession is the existence of a body of knowledge that is distinct from that of other disciplines. Nursing has traditionally borrowed knowledge from the natural and social sciences, and only in recent years have nurses concentrated on establishing a unique body of knowledge that would allow nursing to be clearly defined as a distinct profession. The most valid means of developing this knowledge is through nursing research. Accountability for nursing practice—to be accountable for their practice, nurses must have sound rationale for their actions, based on knowledge that is gained through scientific research. Nurses have the responsibility of keeping their knowledge base current, and one of the best sources of current knowledge is research literature. The ability to critique research articles and determine findings that are appropriate for practice is a skill that is needed by all nurses. Now, more than ever, nurses need to document the social relevance and effectiveness of their practice, not only to the profession but to nursing care consumers, health care administrators, third-party payers and government agencies.

Research Utility General consensus that the research role of the baccalaureate graduate calls for the skill of critical appraisal The nurse must be a knowledgeable consumer of research Also, to be able to critique research and use existing standards to determine the readiness and merit of that research for use in clinical practice

Consuming Nursing Research: Be Informed Use critical thinking Understand the steps in the research process First slide, then…. Why do we do this … it is to decide how, when, and if to apply a study or studies to your practice so that your practice is evidence based.

Evidence-Based Practice Integrates individual clinical expertise and the best evidence to guide (mutual) decision making and patient preference. Sackett, 2000 It is the careful and judicious use of research literature in making patient care decisions. It allows one to systematically use the best available evidence along with the individual’s clinical expertise as well as the patient’s values and preferences in making clinical decisions.

Steps to Develop Evidence-Based Interventions First step: Be able to critically read the literature Research articles Clinical articles Clinical guidelines

Research Article vs. Clinical Article Follows the steps of the research process Not a “how to,” but answers a question with all the components of research clearly presented Au: Please note parallelisms in slides 2, 3, and 4. Would suggest combining 2 & 3 under research and then Clinical would be parallel. -MK

Assess Strength of Evidence Level I Meta-analysis or systematic review of RCTs/experimental studies Level II RCTs or experimental studies Level III Quasi-experimental studies Level IV Nonexperimental studies Level V Case reports, program evaluation, qualitative research Level VI Opinion of respected authorities You need to decide which level of evidence a research article provides. The model presented is useful for determining which level evidence a study provides. It represents a hierarchy for judging the strength of a study’s design, which influences the confidence the consumer has in determining whether the conclusions the investigator has drawn are valid.

Assessing Strength Quality: Extent to which a study’s design, implementation, and analysis minimizes bias Quantity: Number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including sample size across studies Consistency: Degree to which studies have similar and different designs yet the same research question and similar findings Grading the strength of a body of evidence should incorporate three domains: quality, quantity, and consistency

The Research Process: The Sum of It’s Parts

Abstract Short comprehensive synopsis or summary of a study Located at the beginning of a study Quickly focuses the reader on the main points of the study 50 to 250 words Should accurately represent the study’s methods and results

Variable A characteristic or quality that takes on different values, i.e., that varies from one person to the next Blood type Weight Length of stay in hospital

Types of Variables Continuous (age, height) Discrete (number of children) Categorical (blood type) Dichotomous (gender) Attribute variable vs. Active variable Continuous variables take on a wide range of values and can assume an infinite number of variables between points. A discrete variable has a finite number of values between any two points. Categorical values take on a handful of discrete non-quantitative values. Dichotomous variables take on only two variables. Attribute variables refer to characteristics of research subjects (age, weight, health beliefs). Active variables are created by the researcher (salt intake, method of pain management)

Types of Variables (cont’d) Independent variable—the presumed cause (of a dependent variable) Dependent variable—the presumed effect (of an independent variable) Example: Smoking (IV)  Lung cancer (DV) Questions: Does assertiveness training improve the effectiveness of psychiatric nurses. IV: assertiveness training DV: effectiveness Are the number of prenatal visits of pregnant women associated with labor and delivery outcomes? IV: number of prenatal visits DV: labor and delivery outcomes Variable: body temperature IV: Does infant’s body temperature upon admission to the nursery affect respiratory status? DV: What is the affect on radiant heat lamps on infant’s body temperature during short procedures?

Definitions of Concepts and Variables Conceptual definition the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied Operational definition the operations (measurements) a researcher must perform to collect the desired information Suggest operational definitions for the following terms: Pain Stress Obesity

Identification of a Research Purpose/Question Research problem An unexplained, perplexing, or troubling condition Problem statement A statement describing the research problem and indicating the need for a study Both qualitative and quantitative researchers identify a research problem with a broad topic of interest. The purpose of the research is to solve the problem or to contribute to its solution by accumulating relevant information. A problem statement articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study.

Research Question/Hypotheses Research questions The specific questions the researcher wants to answer in addressing the research problem Hypotheses The researcher’s predictions about relationships among variables Research questions are the specific queries researchers want to answer in address the research problem. Research questions guide the types of data to be collected in a study. Hypotheses are the specific predictions regarding answers to the research questions that can be tested empirically.

Research Design and Data Quantitative Studies—Researchers identify variables of interest, develop operational definitions, then collect relevant data from subjects. The actual values of the study variables constitute data for the project Qualitative Studies—Researcher primarily collects narrative data Data are pieces of information obtained in the course of the investigation

Example of Quantitative Data

Example of Qualitative Data

Major Methodologic Challenge Designing studies that are: Reliable and valid (quantitative studies) Trustworthy (qualitative studies)

Criteria for Evaluating Quantitative Research Reliability The accuracy & consistency of obtained information Validity The soundness of the evidence—whether findings are convincing, well-grounded For quantitative studies: Reliability refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study. Can results be repeated? Validity refers to the quality of evidence. For example, does a nursing intervention really bring about improvements in patient outcomes, or were other factors responsible?

Dimensions of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Studies Credibility Confirmability Dependability Trustworthiness encompasses several different dimensions: Dependability refers to evidence that is consistent and stable Confirmability is the degree to which study results are derived from characteristics of participants and the study context, not from researcher bias. Credibility—researcher must engender confidence in truth of the data and in the researchers’ interpretations of the data.

Results Analysis Discussion Recommendations/Implications Communication Analysis – This is where the author describes the procedures used to analyze the data and what the findings were Discussion – researcher ties together all of the pieces – how does this study relate to other similar studies and how does it differ. Recommendations/Implications: What are the implications of the study’s findings for practice, education and research. Communication: article, paper, poster Important to determine if the results are generalizable

Generalizability and Transferability Generalizability (Quantitative research): The extent to which study findings are valid for other groups not in the study Transferability (Qualitative research): The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings

Questions??