1 Air quality management in the Netherlands PM 10 in the Rotterdam - Rijnmond Area Leo Sef vd Brussels 1/2 September 2004

kaart 2 Content Introduction Historic evolution Origin of PM10 in Rijnmond Case 1 Traffic Case 2 Trans-shipment of coal and ore Case 3 Refineries Discussion

kaart 3 Rijnmond

kaart 4 0 – Schiedam 1 – Vlaardingen 2 – Hoogvliet 3 – Botlek 4 – Hoek v Holland 5 – Pernis 6 – Overschie 7 – Rozenburg 8 – Maassluis 9 – Zwartewaal 10 – Meetwagen 11 – Ridderkerk Monitoring network

kaart 5 PM 10 in Rotterdam Area 2003

kaart 6 TSP and Black Smoke Rijnmond

kaart 7 Origin of PM 10 in Rijnmond area

kaart 8 Sources and concentrations PM 10

kaart 9 150,000 vehicles each day Motorway A13

kaart 10 Case 1: Traffic 32,000 vehicles /day; Distance to the centre of the road 15 m; Background concentration 36 µg/m 3.

kaart 11 Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore Rotterdam Hoek van Holland Coal and ore trans-shipment and storage facilities

kaart 12 Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore Air pollution rose for PM 10 in the city of Hoek van Holland

kaart 13 Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore Trans-shipment and storage of coal and ore and the PM 10 emissions

kaart 14 Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore Site map with real-time dust monitoring stations

kaart 15 Case 3: The refineries PM10 concentration contribution (µg/m3) of all industrial sources (thin line) and after (thick line) the emission reduction by 3 refineries

kaart 16 Discussion 1: Measuring PM 10 Different methods: Automated instruments Not - automated instruments Reference instruments Different sources: industrial urban natural agricultural % precursors and its origins ?

kaart 17 Discussion 2: Results PM 10 Results depending on: Type of monitoring equipment Season Site Wind direction Result: Correctionfactor

kaart 18 Methodological issues on monitoring and modelling: AIR4EU Disc. 3: Accuracy and its consequences Results close to limit value Exceeding often due to correction factor

kaart 19 Discussion 4: What is desirable? Local authorities pushing PM 10 below limit value Result: A lot of effort for small areas Health authorities focussing on PM 10 in general Result: Effects on large areas

kaart 20 Discussion 5: What solution? Large emissions High stack Result: Low concentration Small emissions Low stack Result: High concentrations? No EU Directive

kaart 21 Discussion 6: Concentration PM 10 Due to local sources Background: Beyond control of local authorities national and international efforts

kaart 22 PM10 - Total

kaart 23 PM10 - Shipping

kaart 24 PM10 - Industry and power plants

kaart 25 PM10 - Road traffic

kaart 26 PM10 - Other sources