A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL MICRO-GRAMMAR OF SPANISH CLITICS Víctor M. Castel Conicet y UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

Sydney, AustraliaISFC WORD ORDER PATTERNS (1)III II I A/D (2)III II I A/D + V [non-imperative finite fomr] (3)V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + III II I A/D

Sydney, AustraliaISFC WELL-FORMED CLITIC SEQUENCES Schema ‘III II I A/D’ One cliticTwo cliticsThree cliticsFour clitics sese tete le(s)se te mese me lo/a(s)se te me le(s) tese mete lo/a(s)se te nosse nos lo/a(s)se te nos le(s) mese nosme le(s)se te le(s)te me le(s)se te me lo/a(s) nosse le(s)nos le(s)se te lo/a(s)te nos le(s)se te nos lo/a(s) lo/a(s)se lo/a(s)me lo/a(s)se me le(s)te nos lo/a(s) le(s)te menos lo/a(s)se nos le(s) te noste me lo/a(s) Table 1: Word Order Patterns among Clitics See sample of ill-formed clitic sequences See sample of ill-formed clitic sequences (SLIDE 17).

Sydney, AustraliaISFC WORD ORDER PATTERN EXAMPLES Clauses satisfying (2)Clauses violating (2)Clauses satisfying (3)Clauses violating (3) Me saludás.*Saludásme.Saludame.*Me saludá. Lo saludás.*Saludáslo.Saludalo.*Lo saludá. Me lo regalás.*Regalásmelo.Regalámelo.*Me lo regalá. Te las quieren regalar.*Quieren te las regalar.Quieren regalártelas.*Quieren te las regalar. Se estaban saludando.*Estaban se saludando.Estaban saludándose.*Estaban se saludando. Table 2: Word Order Patterns between Clitics and their Governing Verbs ( 2)III II I A/D + V [non-imperative finite fomr] (3)V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + III II I A/D

Sydney, AustraliaISFC EXPRESSION OF PARTICIPANT ROLES Me lo regalo/ás/a. me i, Af-Ca lo n, Af-Po regalo i /ás k /a k, Ag Me le regalo/ás/a. me i, Af-Po le j, Af-Ca regalo i /ás k /a k, Ag Me regalo/ás/a. me i, Af-Ca regalo i /ás k /a k, Ag me i, Af-Po regalo i /ás k /a k, Ag Te lo regalo/ás/a. te i, Af-Ca lo n, Af-Po regalo k /ás i /a k, Ag Te le regalo/ás/a. te i, Af-Po le n, Af-Ca regalo k /ás i /a k, Ag Te regalo/ás/a. te i, Af-Ca regalo k /ás i /a k, Ag te i, Af-Po regalo k /ás i /a k, Ag Se lo regalo/ás/a. Spurious se: se i, Af-Ca lo n, Af-Po regalo/ás/a k, Ag Reflexive se: se i, Af-Ca lo n, Af-Po regala i, Ag Impersonal se: se i, Ag lo n, Af-Po regala i, Ag *Se le regalo/ás. // Se le regala. Reflexive se: se i, Af-Po le n, Af-Ca regala i, Ag Impersonal se: se i, Ag le n, Af-Ca regala i, Ag *Se regalo/ás. // Se regala. Reflexive se: se i, Af-Po regala i, Ag se i, Af-Ca regala i, Ag Impersonal se: se i, Ag regala i, Ag Table 3: Correlations between PRs, and Clitics and Verb Endings Key: Af-Ca = Affected-Carrier; Af-Po = Affected-Possessed; Ag = Agent

Sydney, AustraliaISFC SYSTEM NETWORK Figure 1, (Slide 23) 1 Figure 2, (Slide 24) 2 Figure 3, (Slide 25) 3 Figures 4-7. (Slide 26) 4-7

Sydney, AustraliaISFC REALIZATION RULES Realization of outsiders and addressees: Af-Po: Accusative cliticslo, la, los, las (Slide 18) lo, la, los, laslo, la, los, las Af-Ca: Dative clitics le, les (Slide 19) le, lesle, les Realization of performers: Af-Po/Af-Ca: First person clitics me, nos (Slide 20) me, nosme, nos Realization of addressees: Af-Po/Af-Ca: Second person clitic te (Slide 21) Af-Po/Af-Ca: Second person clitic te (Slide 21)te Realization of low deixis outsiders Third person clitic se(Slide 22) se

Sydney, AustraliaISFC THE CLAUSE INITIAL STATE (4) [selection_expression] Cl1…120 Key:  = Place-holder for text-sentence. Cl = Clause

Sydney, AustraliaISFC POTENTIAL PLACES FOR CLITICS (5)Cl1… 95Clt3 96Clt2 97Clt1 98CltA/CltD 99O 100M 101Vnd 102Clt3 103Clt2 104Clt1 105CltA/CltD …120

Sydney, AustraliaISFC GENERATION OF Lo saludás.  [… giver, …] [… giver, …] Cl Cl 1 … CltA/Af CltA/Af lo lo M salud salud Vnd/Ag Vnd/Ag ás ás … E. Lo saludás.  […, giver, …] […, giver, …] Cl Cl CltA/Af CltA/Af lo lo M salud salud Vnd/Ag Vnd/Ag ás ás E. Lo saludás. Key: CltA = Accusative clitic; Af = Affected; Ag = Agent; M = Main verb root; Vnd = Verb ending; E = Ender.

Sydney, AustraliaISFC GENERATION OF Saludalo.  […, proposal_for_action, …] […, proposal_for_action, …] Cl Cl 1 … M salud salud Vnd/Ag Vnd/Ag a CltA/Af CltA/Af lo lo … E.Saludalo. […, proposal_for_action, …] […, proposal_for_action, …] Cl Cl M salud salud Vnd/Ag Vnd/Ag a CltA/Af CltA/Af lo lo E.Saludalo. Key: CltA = Accusative clitic; Af = Affected; Ag = Agent; M = Main verb root; Vnd = Verb ending; E = Ender.

Sydney, AustraliaISFC GENERATION OF Se lo saluda. (Impersonal se)  [ [ …, agent_and_affected, non_coref_rel_ag_af, agent_fcs, outsider_fcs, low_deixis_fcs, outsider_low_deixis, outsider_fcs_recoverable, …, singular_fcs, …, agent_stated, affected_stated, …, outsider_af_recoverable, …, singular_af, high_deixis_af, least_active, outsider_high_deixis_least, non_feminine_af ] Cl Cl Clt3/Ag Clt3/Ag se se CltA/Af-Po CltA/Af-Po lo lo M salud salud Vnd/Ag Vnd/Ag a E. Se lo saluda.

Sydney, AustraliaISFC THE EXPONENCE OF lo/a(s) Realization rule L : outsider_high_deixis_least : outsider_high_deixis_least L2[if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 98, L3else 105], L4[if high_deixis_af then Af by CltA], L5[if high_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by CltA], L6[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af L7or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (non_feminine_af or L8non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "lo"], L9[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af L10or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (feminine_af or L11feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "la"], L12[if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L13plural_addressee_af_po) and (non_feminine_af or L14non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "los"], L15[if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L16plural_addressee_af_po) and (feminine_af or feminine_af_po) L17and least_active then CltA < "las"].

Sydney, AustraliaISFC THE EXPONENCE OF se Realization rule 20 L120 : outsider_low_deixis : outsider_low_deixis L2[if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 95, L3else 102], L4[if low_deixis_fcs then Ag by Clt3], L5[if low_deixis_af then Af by Clt3], L6[if low_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by Clt3], L7[if low_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by Clt3], L8Clt3 < "se".

Sydney, AustraliaISFC CONCLUSION The paper has presented the system network and realization rules of a generation oriented micro-grammar of RPS clitics. The specification is based on Castel (2007)’s rule typology of the Cardiff Grammar framework (Fawcett 2008, 2000; Fawcett et al 1993). GSC is written within GeneSys, the development environment of the Cardiff Grammar Generator (Fawcett & Castel 2006). GSC accounts for core phenomena of RPS clitics in simple clauses: the word order patterns governing the occurrence of clitics with other clitics and with their governing verbs, and the distribution of participant roles.

Sydney, AustraliaISFC REFERENCES Arús, Jorge (2006) “Perspectiva sistémico-funcional de los usos de se en español”, Signos 39 (61): Arús, Jorge (2006) “Perspectiva sistémico-funcional de los usos de se en español”, Signos 39 (61): Castel, Víctor M. (2007) “Rule Types in a Systemic Functional Grammar: An XML Definition of the Cardiff Lexicogrammar Generator”. In Barbara, L. y T. Berber Sardinha (ed.) Proceedings of the 33rd International Systemic Functional Congress. San Pablo: PUCSP.Castel, Víctor M. (2007) “Rule Types in a Systemic Functional Grammar: An XML Definition of the Cardiff Lexicogrammar Generator”. In Barbara, L. y T. Berber Sardinha (ed.) Proceedings of the 33rd International Systemic Functional Congress. San Pablo: PUCSP. Fawcett, Robin P. (2000) A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Fawcett, Robin P. (2000) A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Fawcett, Robin P. (2008) Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics. The Cardiff Grammar as an extension and simplification of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. London: Equinox.Fawcett, Robin P. (2008) Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics. The Cardiff Grammar as an extension and simplification of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. London: Equinox. Fawcett, Robin P., G.H. Tucker y Y.Q. Lin (1993) “How a systemic functional grammar works: the role of realization in realization.” En Horacek, H. y M. Zock (eds.) New Concepts in Natural Language Generation. London: Pinter.Fawcett, Robin P., G.H. Tucker y Y.Q. Lin (1993) “How a systemic functional grammar works: the role of realization in realization.” En Horacek, H. y M. Zock (eds.) New Concepts in Natural Language Generation. London: Pinter. Fawcett, Robin P. and V. M. Castel (2006) Software for GeneSys: Prototype Generator 3. Cardiff UK: Computational Linguistics Unit, Cardiff University.Fawcett, Robin P. and V. M. Castel (2006) Software for GeneSys: Prototype Generator 3. Cardiff UK: Computational Linguistics Unit, Cardiff University. García, Érica C. (1975) The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis. The Spanish Pronoun System. Amsterdam/Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company.García, Érica C. (1975) The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis. The Spanish Pronoun System. Amsterdam/Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company. Perlmutter, David M. (1972) Deep and Surface Structure Constraints in Syntax. New York: Holt and Co.Perlmutter, David M. (1972) Deep and Surface Structure Constraints in Syntax. New York: Holt and Co.

Sydney, AustraliaISFC SAMPLE OF ILL-FORMED CLITIC SEQUENCES Violation of schema ‘III II I A/D’ Two clitics Three clitics Four clitics *lo/a(s) me *lo/a(s) te *le(s) me *me te *te se Etc. *lo/a(s) te me *lo/a(s) me te *le(s) se te *lo/a(s) le(s) te Etc. *te se me lo/a(s) *te me se le(s) Etc.

Sydney, AustraliaISFC ACCUSATIVE CLITIC lo/a(s): REALIZATION OF OUTSIDERS OR ADDRESSEES L : outsider_high_deixis_least : outsider_high_deixis_least L2[if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 98, L3else 105], L4[if high_deixis_af then Af by CltA], L5[if high_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by CltA], L6[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af L7or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (non_feminine_af or L8non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "lo"], L9[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af L10or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (feminine_af or L11feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "la"], L12[if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L13plural_addressee_af_po) and (non_feminine_af or L14non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "los"], L15[if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L16plural_addressee_af_po) and (feminine_af or feminine_af_po) L17and least_active then CltA < "las"].

Sydney, AustraliaISFC THE DATIVE CLITIC le(s): REALIZATION OF OUTSIDERS OR ADDRESSEES L : outsider_high_deixis_less : L2[if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 98, L3else 105], L4[if high_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by CltD], L5[if (singular_af_ca or (formal and singular_addressee_af_ca)) and L6less_active and not outsider_af_po_recoverable then CltD < "le"], L7[if (plural_af_ca or plural_addressee_af_ca) and less_active and not L8outsider_af_po_recoverable then CltD < "les"].

Sydney, AustraliaISFC THE CLITICS me AND nos REALIZATION OF THE PERFORMER L120.2 : referent_includes_performer : L2[if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 97, L3else 104], L4[if referent_includes_performer_af or (coref_rel_ag_af and L5referent_includes_performer_crt) then Af by Clt1], L6[if referent_includes_performer_af_po or L7(agent_and_affected_possessed_coref and L8referent_includes_performer_crt) then Af-Po by Clt1], L9[if referent_includes_performer_af_ca or L10(agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and referent_includes_performer_crt) L11then Af-Ca by Clt1], L12[if singular_performer_af or singular_performer_af_po or L13singular_performer_af_ca or (coref_rel_ag_af and L14singular_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref L15and singular_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref L16and singular_performer_crt) then Clt1 < "me"], L17[if plural_performer_af or plural_performer_af_po or L18plural_performer_af_ca or (coref_rel_ag_af and L19plural_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref L20and plural_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref L21and plural_performer_crt) then Clt1 < "nos"].

Sydney, AustraliaISFC THE CLITIC te REALIZATION OF THE ADDRESSEE L120.3 : singular_addressee : L2[if casual then L3 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 96, L4else 103], L5[if singular_addressee_af or (coref_rel_ag_af and L6singular_addressee_crt) then Af by Clt2], L7[if singular_addressee_af_po or L8(agent_and_affected_possessed_coref and L9singular_addressee_crt) then Af-Po by Clt2], L10[if singular_addressee_af_ca or L11(agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and L12singular_addressee_crt) then Af-Ca by Clt2], L13Clt2 < "te"].

Sydney, AustraliaISFC IMPERSONAL, REFLEXIVE AND SPURIOUS se L120 : outsider_low_deixis : outsider_low_deixis L2[if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then 95, L3else 102], L4[if low_deixis_crt then Ag by Clt3], L5[if low_deixis_af then Af by Clt3], L6[if low_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by Clt3], L7[if low_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by Clt3], L8Clt3 < "se".

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