Dual Revolution The Industrial Revolution which began in England around 1780. The French Revolution which rocked France in 1789.

Socialist Concerns Early French socialist thinkers were already aware that the political revolution in France, the rise of laissez faire economics and the emergence of modern industry in Britain were transforming society. They were disturbed because they saw these developments as promoting selfish individualism and splitting the community into isolated fragments. There was they believed, an urgent need for further reorganization of society to establish cooperation and a new sense of community.

Economic Planning Early French socialists believed in economic planning. Inspired by the emergency economic measures of 1793 and 1794 (the terror) in France. They argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job Socialists believed that private property should strictly regulated or that it should be abolished and replaced by state or community ownership.

Henri de Saint Simon 1760-1825 The key to progress was proper social organization The parasites (the court, aristocracy, churchmen) should give way to the doers- the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists. The doers would carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking vast public works projects and establishing investment banks.

Charles Fourier 1772-1837 Saw a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self sufficient communities made up of 1620 people. Fourier called for the abolition of marriage.

Louis Blanc 1811-1882 Urged workers to organize for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully. Blanc believed that the state should set up government sponsored workshops and factories to guarantee full employment.

Joseph Proudhon 1809-1865 What is Property? Nothing but theft. Property was profit that was stolen from the worker. The worker was the source of all wealth.

Karl Marx 1818-1883 1848 Marx co-authored the communist manifesto with Friedrich Engels Engels had previously written the condition of the working class in England in 1844. Marx argued that the interests of the middle class and the industrial working class were inevitably opposed to each other. History of all previously existing society is the history of class struggle. With the coming of modern industry, society was split more clearly than ever before; between the middle class (bourgeoisie) and the modern working class (Proletariat)

Bourgeoisie vs. workers Just as the middle class had triumphed over the feudal aristocracy, Marx predicted that the proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie through a violent revolution.

3 Streams leading to Marxism French Revolution Abrupt, total revolution Success of Bourgeoisie British Industrial Revolution Position of labor “condition of Working Class” Engels German Philosophy of Hegel

Philosophy of Hegel Dialectics Thesis vs. Antithesis=synthesis Historic change comes through the clash of antagonistic elements. History is a process of development through time, logical and deterministic, everything happens in sequence by cause. Hegel saw primacy of ideas that cause change, Marx focused on economic reality.

Marxian view of Historical Development Material conditions give rise to economic classes. Each class develops ideology suited to its needs. Prevailing religion, government, law, morals reflect the outlook of these classes

Class antagonism Agrarian Conditions produce landholding class Changes in trade routes, money, productive techniques, leads to rise of Bourgeoisie Eventually Bourgeoisie and landholding class clash England 1642 France 1789

Development of Proletariat As the Bourgeoisie develops there is a corresponding development in the proletariat. According to Marx the Bourg. Is defined as those who own capital Proletariat does not own capital Under competitive conditions the Bourg. Devour themselves The Proletariat then overthrows the Bourg. In a revolution.

Results of Proletariat revolution Abolish private property/private ownership of capital Classless society results State withers Religion disappears

Marxist ideas Labor theory of value Surplus value theory Value of any man-made object depended on the amount of labor put into it. Capital is the stored up labor of past times. Surplus value theory The worker is paid less than the value of his labor (e.g. product sells for $10 and the total worker wage is $3, according to Marx the worker has had $7 stolen from him) Capital therefore is accumulated surplus value that the prevailing system (gov’t, religion, law, education, etc.) has allowed the owner to steal from the worker.

Marxist ideas, cont. Workers must remain angry. Union gains of higher wages were just more crumbs from the owners table. Even if the worker is paid $5 (referring to the previous example) he is still being robbed of $5. No Unions, No gov’t legislation (could the worker make real gains through a gov’t committed to protecting the ruling classes interests?)

Ideas from Communist Manifesto The worker is deprived of the wealth he himself has created The state is a committee of the bourgeoisie for the exploitation of the worker Religion is a drug to keep the workingman quietly dreaming of his heavenly reward. “Opiate of the Masses” The working family has been prostituted and brutalized by the bourgeoisie The proletariat have no country

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who painted Liberty Leading the people? Delacroix

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Liberty Leading the people was painted after which revolution? French Revolution of 1830

b. the “battle of Peterloo” 1819 In which of the following situations did the normally flexible English government behave in a most reactionary manner? a. the Reform Bill of 1832 b. the “battle of Peterloo” 1819 c. the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 d. All of the above were decisions by the British government that shifted the country to the political right. b

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review With whom did the Greeks fight against to win their independence in the Greek Revolution? Ottoman Turks

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review At What battle did England, France, and Russia defeat a Turco-Egyptian navy? Navarino Bay (1829) What treaty ended the Greek Revolution? Treaty of Adrianople

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Why did many Europeans support the Greeks? Saw it as home of democracy, were in love with classical Greek culture, birthplace of democracy, Russians – stirred by piety of their Orthodox brethren

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What Romantic poet fought and died in the Greek Revolution? Lord Byron

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What six points did the Chartists demand from parliament? Annual elections held for the House of Commons Universal male suffrage Equal electoral districts Secret ballots Abolition of property qualifications for membership to the House of Commons Pay members of the House of Commons a salary so poor people can serve

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Was the Chartist movement successful? No.

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What was the right of legitimacy? Restoration of pre-revolutionary absolutist monarchies louis XVIII

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who crushed the June Days Revolt? Cavaignac What was his nickname? The Butcher

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Which countries made up the holy alliance? Russia, Austria, Prussia

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review After 1815, what happened to Poland? It was annexed by Russia.

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who was an influential French Utopian Socialist? Count de Saint Simon

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Which movement emphasized emotion, spontaneity, and braking from classical ideas? Romanticism Raft of Medusa Georges Clairin, The Guard  

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What were Charles X’s 4 ordinances? Chamber of Deputies was disbanded Press was censored The amount of people who could vote was reduced An election was to be held for the new Chamber of Deputies

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who was Louis Blanc, what did he want and was he successful? He was an utopian socialist that wanted social workshops in the new French government. He failed.

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who headed the “Second Republic in France”? Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review In which 3 countries were the major revolutions of 1848? Austria, France, Prussia Austrian Revolution French Revolution Riots in Berlin

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who led the Revolution in Austria? Louis Kossuth

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who was Lamartine? A political republican in France who opposed Louis Blanc

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Name 3 Romantic composers? Franz List, Chopin, Beethoven Chopin

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Which romantic composer is also considered by some to be classical? Beethoven

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who was the “Greatest Pianist” of the Romantic Era? Franz Liszt

Revolutions of 1830 Review Who replaced Charles X? Louis Phillippe Right: Charles X Left: Louis Phillippe

Revolutions of 1848 Who was overthrown in France in 1848? Louis Phillippe

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who painted “The raft of the Medusa”? Gericault

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Which revolution of 1830 was not successful? Poland Who crushed it? Nicholas I of Russia

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Guizot was the foreign minister of which French King Louis Phillipe

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He wrote “beauty is truth, truth is beauty, that is all ye know on earth and all ye need to know. John Keats

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What was the title of the previous poem? Ode on a Grecian Urn

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review The Provisional French government of 1848 was made up of these two types of Republicans Political, Social

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review This Event was to take place in Paris on February 22, 1848. Banquet What also happened that day? Barricades went up Why did this happen? The government refused to consider electoral reform.

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Karl Marx co-authored Communist Manifesto with him: Engels

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review The word to describe what Marx called the working class Proletariat Whose ideas were Marx’s theory of historical evolution based on? Georg Hegel

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review The meeting of German liberals to discuss a future United German State Frankfurt Assembly

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who repealed the Corn Laws in 1846? Robert Peel What party did he belong to? Tory

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He became the Emperor of Austria in 1848 at the age of 18. Franz Joseph

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who did Franz Joseph replace? Emperor Ferdinand I

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who was in the conspiracy to overthrow Emperor Ferdinand I? Archduchess Sophia, the church, powerful nobles

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who wrote a poem about Daffodils? Wordsworth

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review They insisted on the value of feelings and love for the unclassifiable. Romanticism

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He was the most famous French romantic Writer Victor Hugo

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What countries formed the Quadruple Alliance? Austria, Russia, Prussia, England What was the Quadruple Alliance’s new spirit of cooperation and consultation called? The Concert of Europe

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review The Final outcome of the Congress of Vienna is known as the: Metternich System Metternich

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review The Participants of the Congress of Vienna almost came to war as a result of this “question” Polish-Saxon Question

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What territory created by the Congress of Vienna replaced the Confederation of the Rhine Germanic Confederation

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What newly created Kingdom was created as a buffer against France? Kingdom of the Netherlands

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review They insisted on the value of feelings and love for the unclassifiable. Romanticism

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review This country stopped the revolution in Poland in 1831. Russia

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review This law reallocated electorate seats to the urban north of England, It also increased the number of people who could vote. Reform Bill of 1832

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Which prime minister was in office when The Reform Bill of 1832 was passed? Lord Earl Grey What king was in power? William IV

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review How did Earl Grey get the House of Lords to vote for the Reform Bill of 1832? He threatened to introduce a large number of Whigs into the House of Lords.

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review These laws placed a high tariff on the imports of grain into England. Corn Laws 1815 What groups supported these laws? Large agricultural producers (Tories) What groups opposed them? Workers, Industrialists

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review The July revolution in France (1830) followed the issuance of this. The four Ordinances Who issued these? Charles X

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review This event in England in 1819 demonstrated the division between the government and the working class. Peterloo massacre

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What acts were issued in response to the Peterloo Massacre? Six Acts of Parliament What did they attempt to? Repressive measures that attempted to remove the instruments of agitation from the hands of radical leaders and to provide authorities with new powers

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Which came first, the great English reform bill or the repeal of the corn laws. Reform Bill of 1832

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He refused the “crown from the gutter” Frederick William IV

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He called for a Holy Alliance of European nations Czar Alexander I

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review List the rulers of France in order from Napoleon I to Napoleon III. Louis XVIII Charles X Louis Phillipe Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He wrote “On this day I complete my 36th year” Lord Byron

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review He painted “landscape with a distant river and bay” Joseph M.W. Turner

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review Who wrote “The Chimney Sweeper?” William Blake

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review After what revolution did Metternich flee Austria? Revolution of 1848 in Austria What groups led that revolution? Students and workers

Congress of Vienna to 1848 Review What happened in 1846, 1848, and 1851 that brought much trouble to Ireland? Potato crops failed – “The Great Famine”