Physics

Session Opener A boxer wisely moves his head backward just before receiving a punch. How does this tactics help reduce the force of impact?

Session Objectives

Session Objective Impulse – Momentum Theorem Elastic Collisions Inelastic Collisions

Definition of Momentum Consider All of them have MASS (m) All of them have VELOCITY (v) We say, all of them have MOMENTUM (P) Where, MOMENTUM = MASS x VELOCITY Or, P = mv

Linear Momentum of a System of Particles mi vi

Linear Momentum of a System of Particles Pi=mivi If total mass is M, then Hence,

Questions

Illustrative Example v v u

Newton’s Second Law and Linear Momentum “Rate of change of momentum is equal to the net force acting on the particle.” Since, and Fext a Also, Hence,

Kinetic Energy and Linear Momentum Then,

Conservation of Momentum If no net external force acts on a system,the linear momentum of the system remains constant. Fext a If Fext=0 then,

Question

Illustrative problem A projectile moving with velocity V in space bursts into two parts of mass in ratio 1:2. The smaller part becomes stationary. What is the velocity of the other part?

Solution Let the masses be m and 2m after explosion. In an explosion the momentum remains constant. So. 3m x V=m x 0+2mV2 

Newton’s Third Law and Conservation of Linear momentum Fext

Impulse-Momentum Theorem for a System of Particles From Newton’s second law: We can write,

Impulse-Momentum Theorem

Class Test

Class Exercise - 1 Two masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving with KE in the ratio of 4 : 1. The ratio of their linear momentum is 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 16 : 1

Solution We know that if P is the linear momentum of the particle, then Hence answer is (a)

Class Exercise - 2 A bullet hits a block kept at rest on a smooth horizontal surface and gets embedded into it. Which of the following does not change? (a) Linear momentum of the block (b) PE of the block (c) KE of the block (d) Temperature of the block

Solution Since in the absence of external forces on the system (bullet + block) linear momentum of system does not change. But since external force acted on the block during collision, the block changes its momentum. KE is also not conserved as some amount of heat energy is lost when bullet penetrated into the block. Temperature also increases during the process. Hence answer is (b)

Consider the following two statements. Class Exercise - 3 Consider the following two statements. The linear momentum is independent of frame of reference. II. The kinetic energy is independent of frame of reference. Both I and II are true (b) Both I and II are false (c) II is true but I is false (d) I is true but II is false

Solution Velocity of any body is dependent upon the choice of frame of reference. For example, a man sitting in train finds his co-passenger at rest and hence, having neither momentum nor kinetic energy. But the same man has both momentum and kinetic energy with respect to a man standing on a bus-stand. Hence answer is (b)

Class Exercise - 4 A nucleus of mass number A originally at rest, emits an - particle with speed v. The recoil speed of daughter nucleus is equal to

Solution u = 0 Before emission: A V’ v After emission a 4 A - 4 Since there are no external forces acting on the system, hence Pf = Pi Þ A(u) = (A – 4)v´ + 4v Þ A(0) = (A – 4)v´ + 4v

Class Exercise - 5 A shell is fired from a cannon with a velocity v making an angle with the horizontal. At the highest point in its path it explodes into two pieces of equal masses. One of the particle retraces its path to the cannon. What is the speed of the other piece?

Solution At the highest point velocity has only horizontal component. Since there are no external forces acting in horizontal direction, momentum is conserved. \ Pf = Pi x y Þ v´ = 3v cosq

Class Exercise - 6 A 150 g cricket ball, bowled at a speed of 40 m/s is hit straight back to the bowler at a speed of 60 m/s. What is the magnitude of the average force on the ball from the bat if the bat is in contact with the ball for 5.0 ms?

Change in momentum DP = m(vf – vi) Solution Change in momentum DP = m(vf – vi) = 15 N-s Impulse = DP = F·Dt

(a) What impulse acts on the ball during the contact? Class Exercise - 7 A 2 kg ball drops vertically onto a floor, hitting with a speed of 25 m/s. It rebounds with an initial speed of 10 m/s. (a) What impulse acts on the ball during the contact? (b) If the ball is in contact with the floor for 0.020 s, what is the magnitude of the average force on the floor from the ball?

Solution m = 2 kg vi = 25 m/s vf = 10 m/s Change in momentum DP = m(vf – vi) = 2(10 + 25) = 70 (a) \ Impulse = +70 N-s (b) Now, impulse = F· t Þ 70 N-S = F × (0.020) \ Force on the floor from the ball = 3500 N

Class Exercise - 8 Figure above shows an approximate plot of force magnitude versus time during the collision of 100 g ball with a wall. The initial velocity of the ball is 50 m/s and it rebounds directly back with approximately the same speed perpendicular to the wall as was in the case of impact. What is Fmax, the maximum magnitude of the force on the ball from the wall during the collision? 2 4 6 Force Force (N) Time

Solution Impulse = Area under F-t graph = 4 × Fmax Now, impulse = DP = m(vf – vi) = 10 N-S

Class Exercise - 9 A 2100 kg truck traveling north at 50 m/s turns east and accelerates to 60 m/s. (i) What is the change in kinetic energy of the truck? (ii) What is the change in linear momentum of the truck?

Solution (a) Change in KE = 10500 × 110 = 1155 × 103 J = 1155 kJ

Solution (b) Pi = mvi

Thank you