Laws of Motion

Newton’s First Law Chapter 11 an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion maintains its velocity (stays in motion) unless it experiences an unbalanced force (outside force). Aka Law of Inertia

INERTIA tendency of an object to resist being moved or if object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on object. All objects resist changes in motion related to an object’s mass. Objects with small mass have less inertia than objects with large mass

INERTIA EXAMPLE Chapter 11 Seat belts and car seats provide protection. Because of inertia, you slide toward the side of a car when the driver makes a sharp turn. When the car you are riding in comes to a stop, your seat belt and the friction between you and the seat stop your forward motion.

m F a Newton’s Second Law 1 N = 1 kg  1 m/s2 unbalanced force acting on an object equals object’s mass times its acceleration. Force = mass  acceleration F = ma SI Unit: newtons (N) 1 N = 1 kg  1 m/s2 m F a

Chapter 11 Newton’s Second Law

m F a FORCE F = ? F = ma m= 175 kg F = (175 kg) (0.657 m/s2) Zookeepers lift a stretcher that holds a sedated lion. The total mass of the lion and stretcher is 175 kg, and the lion’s upward acceleration is 0.657 m/s2. What is the unbalanced force necessary to produce this acceleration of the lion and the stretcher? GIVEN: F = ? m= 175 kg a = 0.657 m/s2 WORK: F = ma F = (175 kg) (0.657 m/s2) F = 115 N m F a

m F a FORCE F = ? F = ma m= 1.6 x 103 kg F = (1.6 x 103 kg) (2.0 m/s2) What is the net force necessary for a 1.6 x 103 kg automobile to accelerate forward at 2.0 m/s2? GIVEN: F = ? m= 1.6 x 103 kg a = 2.0 m/s2 WORK: F = ma F = (1.6 x 103 kg) (2.0 m/s2) F = 3.2 x 103 N m F a

m F a FORCE F = 1.4 N m = F/a m= ? m = 1.4 N / 9.8 m/s2) a = 9.8 m/s2 A baseball accelerates downward at 9.8 m/s2. If the gravitational force is the only force acting on the baseball and is 1.4 N, what is the baseball’s mass? GIVEN: F = 1.4 N m= ? a = 9.8 m/s2 WORK: m = F/a m = 1.4 N / 9.8 m/s2) m = 0.14 kg m F a

m F a FORCE F = 895 N a = F/m m= 655 kg a = 895 N / 655 kg a = ? A sailboat and its crew have a combined mass of 655 kg. Ignoring frictional forces, if the sailboat experiences a net force of 895 N pushing it forward, what is the sailboat’s acceleration? GIVEN: F = 895 N m= 655 kg a = ? WORK: a = F/m a = 895 N / 655 kg F = 1.37 m/s2 m F a

GRAVITY

Law of Universal Gravitation Chapter 11 Law of Universal Gravitation All objects in universe attract each other through gravitational force Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Universal Gravitation Equation m1 and m2 are masses of two objects d distance between two objects G constant

Law of Universal Gravitation All matter is affected by gravity. Two objects, whether large or small, always have a gravitational force between them. Gravitational force increases as mass increases. Gravitational force decreases as distance increases.

Free Fall Acceleration motion of a body when only force of gravity is acting on body. constant near Earth’s surface. g =9.8 m/s2

Weight weight = mass  free-fall acceleration equal to mass times free-fall acceleration. weight = mass  free-fall acceleration w = mg Weight is different from mass. Mass measure of amount of matter in an object. Weight gravitational force an object experiences because of its mass. influences shape

Terminal Velocity constant velocity of a falling object when force of air resistance is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to force of gravity

Two Motions Cause Orbiting

Projectile Motion and Gravity Chapter 11 Projectile Motion and Gravity curved path an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near surface of Earth. applies to objects that are moving in two dimensions under the influence of gravity. has two components horizontal and vertical. two components are independent.

Chapter 11 Projectile Motion

Newton’s Third Law Chapter 11 for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Forces always occur in action-reaction pairs. Action-reaction force pairs are equal in size and opposite in direction.

Action and Reaction Forces Chapter 11 Action and Reaction Forces Force pairs do not act on the same object. Equal forces don’t always have equal effects. example, the action force of Earth pulling on an object and causing it to fall is much more obvious than the equal and opposite reaction force of the falling object pulling on Earth.

momentum = mass  velocity Chapter 11 Momentum quantity defined as product of the mass and velocity of an object. momentum = mass  velocity p = mv Moving objects have momentum. the more mass an object has, the greater its momentum is. faster an object is moving, the greater its momentum is. When you force an object to change its motion, you force it to change its momentum.

m p v Momentum p = ? p = mv m= 6.00 kg p = (6.00 kg) (10 m/s) Calculate the momentum of a 6.00 kg bowling ball moving at 10.0 m/s down the alley toward the pins. GIVEN: p = ? m= 6.00 kg v = 10 m/s WORK: p = mv p = (6.00 kg) (10 m/s) p = 60 kg x m/s down the alley m p v

m p v Momentum p = ? p = mv m= 75 kg p = (75 kg) (16 m/s) v = 16 m/s A 75 kg speed skater moving forward at 16 m/s. Calculate the momentum. GIVEN: p = ? m= 75 kg v = 16 m/s WORK: p = mv p = (75 kg) (16 m/s) p = 1200 kg x m/s forward m p v

m p v Momentum p = ? p = mv m= 135 kg p = (135 kg) (16.2 m/s) A 135 kg ostrich running north at 16.2 m/s. Calculate the momentum. GIVEN: p = ? m= 135 kg v = 16.2 m/s WORK: p = mv p = (135 kg) (16.2 m/s) p = 2190 kg x m/s north m p v

m p v Momentum p = 5 kg x m/s forward v = p/m v = 5 kg x m/s / 0.8 kg Calculate the velocity of a 0.8 kg kitten with a momentum of 5 kg x m/s forward. GIVEN: p = 5 kg x m/s forward m= 0.8 kg v = ? WORK: v = p/m v = 5 kg x m/s / 0.8 kg v = 6.3 m/s forward m p v

Law of Conservation of Momentum Chapter 11 Law of Conservation of Momentum total amount of momentum in an isolated system is conserved. When a moving object hits a second object, some or all of the momentum of first object is transferred to second object. Momentum can be transferred in collisions, but total momentum before and after a collision is same. rocket propulsion. Cars collided Billiards