Jabones/tensioactivos/detergentes/soap Quimica Organica Jabones/tensioactivos/detergentes/soap Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Recordemos Acidos carboxilicos Estructura de Lewis del acido formico Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Propiedades fisicas de acidos carboxilicos Acidos carboxilicos son polares: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Propiedades fisicas de acidos carboxilicos Carboxylic acids pueden formar puentes hidrogeno: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Propiedades físicas de los ácidos carboxilicos Carboxylic acids also interact with water molecules by hydrogen bonding through both the carboxyl oxygen and the hydroxyl group. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids Acidity Los acidos carboxilicos son levemente ionizados en soluciones acuosas y por tanto clasificados como acidos debiles (weak acids) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids All carboxylic acids, whether soluble or insoluble in water, react quantitatively with NaOH, KOH, and other strong bases to form salts Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids also react with weaker bases such as sodium bicarbonate to form salts Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids solo reaccionan con bases debiles como el bicarbonato de sodio para formar sales Baking powder: una mezcla de bicarbonato de sodio con tartrato acido de potasio. Cuando se añade agua, la parte acida de la sal del tartrato reacciona , y se libera dioxido de carbono.

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Otro ejemplo: cuando se mezcla bicarbonato de sodio con suero de leche, el cual contiene ácido lactico: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomenclature Esters El grupo alquil o aril unido al oxigeno es el que se nombra segundo para los españoles (The alkyl or aryl group attached to the oxygen is named first). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomenclature Esters The alkyl or aryl group attached to the oxygen is named first. Etilo Acido acético Acetato de etilo Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomenclature Another ester Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomenclature Another ester Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nomenclature Another ester isopropil Ácido benzoico Benzoato de isopropilo Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Practice Problems Name the following esters: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Physical Properties of Esters Esters are polar compounds. Most esters are insoluble in water. Esters are soluble in polar organic solvents such as diethyl ether and acetone. Methyl acetate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reacciones de esteres Hidrolisis Los Esteres son normalmente no-reactivos con agua. Sin embargo, en presencia de acidos (aq. HCl or H2SO4) o bases (NaOH or KOH), pueden hidrolizarse Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hidrólisis Catalizada por ácidos El reverso de la esterificación de Fischer: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Base-Promoted Hidrolisis promovida por bases Esta reacció es usada para la obtencion de jabones Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mechanism of Saponification Step One – Nucleophilic addition of hydroxide anion: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mechanism of Saponification Step One – Nucleophilic addition of hydroxide anion: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mechanism of Saponification Step Two – Elimination of alkoxide anion: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mechanism of Saponification Step Two – Elimination of alkoxide anion: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mechanism of Saponification Step Three – Proton reorganization (acid–base reaction): Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mechanism of Saponification Step Three – Proton reorganization (acid–base reaction): Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ejemplo Problema Complete the following reaction: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ejemplo Problema Complete the following reaction: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sample Problem Complete the following reaction: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sample Problem Complete the following reaction: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sample Problem Complete the following reaction: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Soaps/ Jabones Sodium stearate/ estereato de Na: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Soaps/ Jabones a partir de grasa

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Soap A soap micelle: Hidrofobica Hidrofilica Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Soap A soap micelle: Mancha grasa Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

LAS

Algunas propiedades de los tensioactivos son:

Clasificación de los detergentes (tensioactivos):

Ejemplo de formacion de un detergente anionico Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ejemplo de formacion de un detergente anionico hydrophobic hydrophilic Sodium dodecyl sulfate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Detergentes anionicos Alkyl benzene sulfonate detergents (ABS) Non-biodegradable hydrophilic hydrophobic

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.