ISRAEL/PALESTINE: An Introduction Robert B. Ross Point Park University

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years”

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years” “It’s complicated”

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years” “It’s complicated” “It’s all about religion”

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years” Periodic fighting since 1917 “It’s complicated” “It’s all about religion”

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years” Periodic fighting since 1917 “It’s complicated” 1948: The Birth of Israel and the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) “It’s all about religion”

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years” Periodic fighting since 1917 “It’s complicated” 1948: The Birth of Israel and the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) 1967: Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory “It’s all about religion”

Three Myths about Israel/Palestine Conflict “They’ve been fighting for hundreds of years” Periodic fighting since 1917 “It’s complicated” 1948: The Birth of Israel and the Nakba (“Catastrophe”) 1967: Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory “It’s all about religion” It’s mostly about land

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule

Rise of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1683

Fall of the Ottoman Empire, 1807-1924

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins

Pre-Zionist Palestine (1878)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration

Balfour Declaration

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins

Palestine at beginning of British Mandate (1920)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe)

1948: Two “Rights to Return”

1948: Two “Rights to Return” UN Resolution 194 (December 1948):

1948: Two “Rights to Return” UN Resolution 194 (December 1948): “The UN General Assembly resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for the loss of or damage to property which, under the principles of international law and in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible”

1948: Two “Rights to Return” UN Resolution 194 (December 1948): “The UN General Assembly resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for the loss of or damage to property which, under the principles of international law and in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible” Jewish “Right to Return”:

1948: Two “Rights to Return” UN Resolution 194 (December 1948): “The UN General Assembly resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for the loss of or damage to property which, under the principles of international law and in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible” Jewish “Right to Return”: “the State of Israel will be open for Jewish immigration and for the ingathering of the exiles...”

Population Movements (1948-1951)

Palestinian Refugee Camps

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe) 1956: Suez Crisis

1956 “Suez Crisis”

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe) 1956: Suez Crisis

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe) 1956: Suez Crisis 1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe) 1956: Suez Crisis 1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed 1967: “Six-Day War”

Combatants in 1967 War: Israel Egypt Jordan Syria (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Lebanon)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe) 1956: Suez Crisis 1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed 1967: “Six-Day War”

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1030 BCE – 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel (David and Solomon) 700 BCE – 1516: Under the rule of several empires for hundreds of years thereafter (Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic) 1516-1917: Ottoman Rule 1880s: Zionist Movement begins 1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1917: Balfour Declaration 1920: British Mandate rule begins 1942-1945: Nazi Holocaust 1947: UN partition plan 1948: Birth of Israel or The Naqba (Catastrophe) 1956: Suez Crisis 1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed 1967: “Six-Day War” > Israeli occupation begins

Israeli Occupation Israel occupies: Sinai Peninsula (until 1982) Gaza Strip West Bank Golan Heights

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty

Israel’s Withdrawal from Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula (1979-1982)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”)

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1,376 Palestinians killed

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1,376 Palestinians killed 94 Israelis killed

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1,376 Palestinians killed 94 Israelis killed 1993: Oslo Peace Accords

Principles of Oslo Agreement

Principles of Oslo Agreement Creation of an interim Palestinian government (“Palestinian Authority”) and eventually, a Palestinian state

Principles of Oslo Agreement Creation of an interim Palestinian government (“Palestinian Authority”) and eventually, a Palestinian state “Gradual” Redeployment of Israeli Forces

Redeployment of Israeli troops Area A: Full control of Palestinian Authority Area B: Palestinian civil control and Israeli military control Area C: Full Israeli control

Oslo leaves for future negotiations:

Oslo leaves for future negotiations: Control of Jerusalem

Oslo leaves for future negotiations: Control of Jerusalem Refugees

Oslo leaves for future negotiations: Control of Jerusalem Refugees Settlements

Oslo leaves for future negotiations: Control of Jerusalem Refugees Settlements Security Arrangements

Oslo leaves for future negotiations: Control of Jerusalem Refugees Settlements Security Arrangements “Border relations and cooperation with their neighbors”

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank Separation/Security Barrier

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank Separation Barrier Israeli-only roads

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank Separation Barrier Israeli-only roads Checkpoints

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank Separation Barrier Israeli-only roads Checkpoints Territorial sieges and home raids

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 1967: PLO moves to Jordan 1971: PLO kicked out of Jordan, moves to Lebanon 1973: October/”Yom Kippur” War 1978: Israel occupies southern Lebanon 1979: Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty 1980s: Israel settles more civilians in West Bank and Gaza 1987-1993: First Palestinian Intifada (“Uprising”) 1993: Oslo Peace Accords 2000-2005: Second Palestinian Intifada 2000-Present: Israel intensifies occupation Increased settlements in West Bank Separation Barrier Israeli-only roads Checkpoints Territorial sieges and home raids Home demolitions

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 2006: Hamas wins legislative elections

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 2006: Hamas wins legislative elections 2006: Civil War between Palestinian Hamas and Fatah

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 2006: Hamas wins legislative elections 2006: Civil War between Palestinian Hamas and Fatah 2006-Present: Israeli siege on Gaza

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 2006: Hamas wins legislative elections 2006: Civil War between Palestinian Hamas and Fatah 2006-Present: Israeli siege on Gaza 2006-Present: Rockets fired on Israel from Gaza

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 2006: Hamas wins legislative elections 2006: Civil War between Palestinian Hamas and Fatah 2006-Present: Israeli siege on Gaza 2006-Present: Rockets fired on Israel from Gaza 2008-2009: Israeli war on Gaza

Key Moments in the Historical Geography of Israel and Palestine 2006: Hamas wins legislative elections 2006: Civil War between Palestinian Hamas and Fatah 2006-Present: Israeli siege on Gaza 2006-Present: Rockets fired on Israel from Gaza 2008-2009: Israeli war on Gaza 2012: Israeli war on Gaza

The Future of Israel/Palestine Status Quo? One State? Two States?