Non-professional agents as active organizational citizens International care research conference, Bergen, 14 th of May 2014 Re-directing the gaze: an international quest for promising practices in long-term residential care Panel III: Cooperation between professional and non-professionals Sanna Laulainen, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer University of Eastern Finland, Department of Health and Social Management Correspondence to:

In Finland  health and social care sectors are strict regulated => only limited role for non-educated actors  the discourse of the significancy of non-professional (or voluntary) work has increased due the deep economic recession and aging of population Cooperation between professionals and non-professionals - could they be equal partners in work community?  task division (helping with nutrition, taking the elderly out etc.), responsibility, involvement, attitudes etc.  organizations demand for active agency of professionals (e.g. to widen the boundaries of professionals’ basic task) => non-professionals? => What kind of basic assumptions are intertwined in cooperation? => What kind of expectations and constraints are related to agency of non-professionals? 2

Organizational citizenship (behavior, OCB) - concept of good workers/members of a work organization  Traditionally psychology-based concept which emphasizes kind, obedient, helpful and compliant behavior that is discretionary and promotes the effective functioning of an organization and well-being without reciprocal benefits (like rewards) (e.g. Organ, Podsakoff & MacKenzie 2006)  Focus in work organization (professionals’ side) ….similarities to voluntary work How the organizational citizenship is constructed among actors in elderly care? What is self-evident, expected, possible, missing or forbidden? Based on…Laulainen, Sanna (2010) “If you don’t give anything you don’t get anything” – Strategic agency and organizational citizenship behavior in elderly care. Academic dissertation. (in Finnish) 3

Helping behavior TRADITIONAL COMMON VIRTUES Courtesy Civic virtue Organizational loyalty Conscientiousness Sportsmanship Obedience CURRENT SPECIAL VIRTUES Activity Individuality Boldness Involvement Initiativeness Self-development Criticality Cheerleading Responsibility ”Backbone” Sex Age Professionality Culture Structures Positions of actors Figure OCB in elderly care (especially in a context of strategic development)

The idea of organizational citizenship  novel approach to study non-professionals  critically question the stable positions and identities of actors (professionals and non-professionals)  provide unconventional theoretical lens to deconstruct and reconstruct the image of an appropriate elderly care worker (also as non-professional) and determinants thereof It may reveal  hidden obstacles of cooperation and partnership => is there a ”space” for active organizational citizenship among non-professionals 5

Thank you!