Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computers: Hardware and Software Dr. Chane Fullmer Fall 2002 UC Santa Cruz

November 22, Evaluation Time  Teaching evaluations  TA evaluations  Need a student volunteer –Monitor evaluation process –Return evaluations to the SOE office

November 22, Assignments  Assignment #6 – –The Last One –Due now  Must print out in color if you use color for the conditional in part #10

November 22, Class Information  Review for Midterm #3 –Monday November 25 –Don’t miss it for best results  No Chapter 17 on Midterm #3  No class meeting Wednesday, 11/27  Friday, Chapter 16 – last lecture  Last section is Tuesday, 11/26

November 22, Final Project  Due by December 3 rd, at beginning of final period –May be turned in earlier  Power Point Presentation –Min 4 pages – Max 6 –30% of grade based on your creativity Go crazy here… –Pts for video (of self ), music, animations, sounds –Pts for PPT tricks, styles, animations, buttons, etc.. –If you add animation or other special effects, include a floppy/CD with your printout – ed assignments will be rejected 

Programming Languages: Telling the Computers What to Do Chapter 16

November 22, Objectives  Describe what programmers do and do not do  Explain how programmers define a problem, plan the solution and then code, test, and document the program  List and describe the levels of programming languages – machine, assembly, high level, very high level, and natural  Describe the major programming languages in use today  Explain the concepts of object-oriented programming

November 22, Program Set of instructions written in a programming language that tells the computer what to do

November 22, Programmers  Prepare instructions that make up the program  Run the instructions to see if they produce the correct results  Make corrections  Document the program  Interact with –Users –Managers –Systems analysts  Coordinate with other programmers to build a complete system

November 22, The Programming Process  Defining the problem  Planning the solution  Coding the program  Testing the program  Documenting the program

November 22, The Programming Process Defining the Problem  What is the input  What output do you expect  How do you get from the input to the output

November 22, The Programming Process Planning the Solution  Algorithms –Detailed solutions to a given problem Sorting records, adding sums of numbers, etc..  Design tools –Flowchart –Pseudocode Has logic structure, but no command syntax  Desk-checking –Personal code design walk through  Structured walk through –“Code walk through” – peer reviewed

November 22, The Programming Process Planning the Solution Accept series of numbers and display the average

November 22, The Programming Process Coding the Program  Translate algorithm into a formal programming language  Within syntax of the language  How to key in the statements? –Text editor –Programming environment Interactive Development Environment (IDE)

November 22, The Programming Process Testing the Program  Translation – compiler –Translates from source module into object module –Detects syntax errors  Link – linkage editor (linker) –Combines object module with libraries to create load module –Finds undefined external references  Debugging –Run using data that tests all statements –Logic errors

November 22, The Programming Process Testing the Program

November 22, The Programming Process Documenting the Program  Performed throughout the development  Material generated during each step –Problem definitions –Program plan –Comments within source code –Testing procedures –Narrative –Layouts of input and output –Program listing

November 22, Choosing a Language  Choice made for you –What is available? –Required interface  What do you know best?  Which language lends itself to the problem to be solved?

November 22, Language Generations  Low levels closer to binary  High levels closer to human code  Five Generations: –Procedural Languages Machine language Assembly language High-level language – 3GL –Nonprocedural Languages Very high-level language – 4GL Natural language – 5GL

November 22, Machine Language  Written in strings of 0 and 1 –Displayed as hexadecimal  Only language the computer understands  All other programming languages are translated to machine language  Computer dependent

November 22, Assembly Language  Mnemonic codes –Add, sub, tst, jmp…  Names for memory locations  Computer dependent  Assembler translates from Assembly to machine language

November 22, GL High-Level Languages  1960s  Languages designed for specific types of problems and used syntax familiar to the people in that field –FORTRAN: (FORmula TRANslator) Math –COBOL: (COmmon Business Oriented Language) Business  Compile translates from high-level language to machine language

November 22, GL Very High-Level Languages  Programmer specifies the desired results; the language develops the solution  Ten times more productive with a 4GL than a procedural language  Query Languages –Retrieve information from databases –Easy to learn and use

November 22, GL Natural Languages  Resemble natural or spoken English  Translates human instructions into code the computer can execute  Commonly used by non-programmers to access databases

November 22, Third Generation Languages Traditional Programming  Describe data  Describe procedures or operations on that data  Data and procedures are separate

November 22, Third Generation Languages  FORTRAN –1954 –Represent complex mathematical formulas –C/C++ has replaced FORTRAN  COBOL –1959 –Business –Large complex data files –Formatted business reports

November 22, Average a list of numbers Accept series of numbers and display the average

November 22, Third Generation Languages FORTRAN

November 22, Third Generation Languages COBOL

November 22, Third Generation Languages  BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) –1965 –Popularity grew with PC popularity (1970s) –Easy to learn –Used little memory –Bill Gates beginnings.. M$ Basic  RPG –1965 –Report generation – quickly creates complex reports

November 22, Third Generation Languages BASIC

November 22, Third Generation Languages  M$ Visual Basic –1987 –Create complex user interfaces –Uses standard Windows features –Event-driven – user controls the program  C –1972 –Efficient code – the language of UNIX –Portability  C++ –Enhancement of C (Object Oriented)

November 22, Third Generation Languages C++

November 22, OOP Object-Oriented Programming  Object –Self-contained unit of data and instructions –Includes Related facts (data) Related functions (instructions to act on that data)  Example –Object:cat –Data:feet, nose, fur, tail –Functions:eat, purr, scratch, walk –Cat:Kitty, Tabby

November 22, OOP Object-Oriented Programming  Encapsulation – describes the objects self- containment  Attributes – the facts that describe the object  Methods / operations – the instructions that tell the object what to do  Instance – one occurrence of an object  Messages – activate methods –Polymorphism Example: A ‘walk’ message causes Kitty to move (in a cat-like way)

November 22, OOP Object-Oriented Programming  Class – defines characteristics unique to all objects of that class  Inheritance – Objects of a class automatically posses all of the characteristics of the class from which it was derived  Subclass – inherits characteristics from class and defines additional characteristics that are unique  Instance – actual occurrence of an object

November 22, OOP Object-Oriented Programming Example Class: Boat Subclass: Canoe Subclass: Powerboat Subclass: Sailboat Instance: Chardonnay II

November 22, OOP Object-Oriented Programming Using Objects in Business Class:Customer Subclass:Retail or Wholesale Instance: John Smith Retail and Wholesale customers automatically inherit customer address since it is part of the Customer class

November 22, OOP Object-Oriented Programming Languages  C++ Can write both structured and object-oriented code  Visual Basic Rudimentary features of object-oriented language

November 22, Third Generation Languages Java  Cross-platform  Java Virtual Machine (JVM) –Sits on top of computer’s regular platform –Translates compiled Java code into instructions for the specific platform  Applets

November 22, Learning to Program  Enroll in courses –Learn logic as well as language syntax  Read books, articles  Use tutorials  View Sample code  Write code (start small) –Enjoy

November 22,