Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Chapter 23 Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performance

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Pharmacologic Agents IOC-banned substance categories –Stimulants –Narcotic analgesics –Androgenic-anabolic steroids –  -Blockers –Diuretics –Peptide hormones and analogs –Substances that alter urine sample integrity

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Anabolic Steroids Structure and action –Sterol structure similar to testosterone –Increases muscle growth Stacking –Combining multiple steroid preparations in oral and injectable form Pyramiding –Progressively increasing the dosage

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Anabolic Steroids Drug with a considerable following –Becoming increasingly popular with more than just strength athletes Effectiveness –Dosage is an important factor. –Training volume accompanies use.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Anabolic Steroids Side effects and medical risks Cystic acne, “roid rage,” peliosis hepatitis, increased plasma lipoproteins In males: testicular atrophy and gynecomastia In females: clitoral enlargement, squaring of the jaw, lowering of voice ACSM Position Statement on Anabolic Steroids

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Growth Hormone Genetic engineering comes to sports –Human growth hormone Produced in the pituitary gland Stimulates bone and cartilage growth Enhances fatty acid oxidation Reduces glucose and amino acid breakdown –Excess GH may result in Gigantism Acromegaly –No unanimity among researchers

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition DHEA: A Worrisome Trend? DHEA –Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands Claims for DHEA Testosterone booster Bolsters immune system Preserves youth Decreases fatigue and joint pain Slows aging Invigorates sex life –An unregulated compound with uncertain safety

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Androstenedione Claims –Stimulates production of endogenous testosterone –Enables one to train harder –Increases muscle mass –Rapidly repairs tissue injury Research shows no effect of supplementation on basal serum testosterone or any training response on muscle size and strength.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Amino Acid Supplements for an Anabolic Effect Claims –Boost body’s natural production of Testosterone Growth hormone Insulin-like growth factor I –Resulting in an increase in muscle mass and a reduction in fat mass

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Amino Acid Supplements Stimulating an anabolic effect –Consuming carbohydrate and/or protein immediately after resistance training augments hormonal response to the training.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Amphetamines Stimulate the CNS = sympathomimetics Claims –Increase alertness –Decrease sensation of muscle fatigue Dangers –Physiologic or emotional dependence –Headache, fever, dizziness, tremors –Suppression of normal responses to pain Use and athletic performance –Do not enhance physical performance.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Caffeine Ergogenic effects –Proposed mechanism for ergogenic action Increases use of fatty acids, sparing glycogen –Effects on muscle May act directly on muscle to enable more prolonged endurance performance

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Warning About Caffeine Possible side effects –Nervous irritability –Muscle twitching –Psychomotor agitation –Elevated HR and blood pressure –Increased occurrence of PVCs –Insomnia

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Ginseng Claims –Boosts energy –Diminishes stress No compelling scientific evidence of ergogenic effect

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Ephedrine Effects –Increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure –Bronchodilation –Hypertension, insomnia, irritability –Increases anaerobic power output, endurance –Possibly heart attack, stroke, death

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Buffering Solutions Claims –Pre-exercise alkalosis facilitates H + efflux from the cell, delaying the fall in pH. –May be ergogenic for high-intensity endurance performance –Effect related to dosage and degree of anaerobic metabolism

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Glutamine Promotes muscle glycogen accumulation May blunt immunosuppression from exhaustive exercise

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Phosphatidylserine May modify neuroendocrine response to stress Diminishes ACTH and cortisol release Does not affect growth hormone release

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Metabolite from the breakdown of leucine Claims –Inhibits protein catabolism Research –Ergogenic benefits may be transient. –FFM tends to revert to baseline.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Nonpharmacologic Approaches Red blood cell reinfusion—blood doping –How it works Withdrawal of 1 – 4 units of blood RBC are frozen. Reinfusion 1 – 7 days prior to competition –Effects Increases RBC number, oxygen-carrying capacity, and ability to perform endurance exercise

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Hormonal Blood Boosting Erythropoietin (EPO) –Synthetic version of a hormone produced by the kidneys –May increase RBC number by 12% –Unconventional or nonmedical administration may create < 60% increase. Increases risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, pulmonary edema

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Other Means to Enhance Oxygen Transport New substance classes –Perfluorocarbon emulsions –Bovine and human hemoglobin solutions Potentially lethal side effect –Increased systemic and pulmonary blood pressure –Renal toxicity –Impaired immune function

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise) General warm-up –Unrelated movements Specific warm-up –Sport-specific movements Psychologic considerations –Athletes feel better prepared

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise) Physiologic considerations –Faster muscle contraction and relaxation –Greater movement economy from lowered viscous resistance –Facilitated oxygen delivery—Bohr effect –Facilitated nerve transmission and muscle metabolism –Increased blood flow to active tissues Effects on performance –More research needed Sudden strenuous exercise –Risk of MI in sedentary or those with CHD

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Oxygen Inhalation (Hyperoxia) Preexercise oxygen breathing –Not beneficial if ambient air is breathed before performing Oxygen breathing during exercise –Improves performance –Not practical for most sports Oxygen breathing during recovery –Research does not support use.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Modification of Carbohydrate Intake Carbohydrate loading –Helps prevent/postpone “hitting the wall” –Glycogen depletion stage –Glycogen loading stage Creatine supplementation

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Modification of Carbohydrate Intake Negative aspects –Increased water retention –Added weight increases the energy cost of weight-bearing exercise. –Depletion phase may inhibit ability to train. –Low carbohydrate intake may create ketosis. –Vitamin, mineral deficiencies –Lean tissue loss

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition L -Carnitine Facilitates influx of fatty acids into mitochondria Rate of fatty acid oxidation affects aerobic exercise intensity. Research does not support ergogenic benefits. Potential benefits –Vasodilation –Less postexercise pain, tissue damage

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Chromium Potentiates insulin function Promotes carbohydrate uptake into cells Numerous alleged benefits –Fat burner –Muscle builder Research does support claims Potential downside –Competes with iron for binding to transferrin –Possible chromosomal damage

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Coenzyme Q 10 (Ubiquinone) Used therapeutically for cardiovascular disease Claims: improve stamina and enhance cardiovascular function Research does not support ergogenic benefits.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Creatine Important component of high-energy phosphates Documented benefits in humans –Improves muscular strength and power –Augments short bursts of muscular endurance –Enables greater muscular overload Limited research on potential risks Creatine loading

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Inosine Claims –Improves training quality, performance –Facilitates oxygen release, insulin release –Augments cardiac contractility –Vasodilator Research does not support ergogenic effect. Risks contraindicate use.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Choline Claims –Fat burning, metabolism “optimizing” Research does not support claims.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Medium-Chain Triglycerides Claims –Fat burning, glycogen sparing, muscle building Research is inconclusive.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Hydroxycitrate (HCA) Claims –Fat burning, endurance enhancing Research is inconclusive.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Pyruvate Claims –Fat burning, endurance enhancing Additional research is needed.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition