E_English Grammar Course Chapter I Elements of grammar

Issues 1. Introduction to Grammar 2. Morphemes and Words 3. Ways of word formation 4. Parts of speech 5. Parts of a sentence 6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Introduction to Grammar 1/1 1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar In global sense In narrow sense

Introduction to Grammar 2/1 1 Introduction to Grammar Grammar In global sense equals competence, a body of knowledge that a native speaker has about his/her language which enables him/her to speak and understand it. includes word and sentence structure rules, pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences, and discourse organization rules. In narrow sense

Introduction to Grammar 3/1 1 Introduction to Grammar refers only to the formation of the word and sentence structures. consists of morphology, the study of words and word formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses, and sentences. Grammar In global sense In narrow sense

1/2 2 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme

2 Morphemes and Words discourse sentence phrase word morpheme 2/2 I found myself useless. discourse sentence phrase word morpheme hated enjoying hated, enjoying I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing. And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit. I found myself useless. Then I decided to look for a job. enjoy, -ing

2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning … 3/2 2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning … A single word (E.g.: man, boy) Less than a word (E.g.: terr in terror) More than one word (E.g.: to rain dogs and cats)

Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship. 4/2 2 Lexical item – meaning LEXICAL ITEM & MEANING Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.

2 Morpheme - Word MORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try 5/2 2 Morpheme - Word MORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try boy/s

2 Morpheme - Word WORD = An independent meaningful unit. E.g.: try boy 6/2 2 Morpheme - Word WORD = An independent meaningful unit. E.g.: try boy turn return

2 Types of morphemes 7/2 Occurrence Types Free (words) Bound (affixes) Grammatical Function words: prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions.... inflectional (suffixes) Lexical Content words: Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives derivational (prefixes, suffixes)

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes 8/2 2 Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes modify the meaning of an item but not change its parts of speech. can change meaning of the stem and typically, they change the part of speech.

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes 9/2 2 Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are changes in words to express their semantic and syntactic relationships to other words in the sentence. E.g.: ‘s’ in ‘Bush says’ indicates the present tense and the subject is third person and singular. indicate semantic relationships within words. E.g.: the morpheme ‘ful’ in ‘beautiful’ has no connection with other morphemes beyond the word.

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes 10/2 2 Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are regularly distributed. They occur with all or most members of a word class. E.g.: ‘s’ (3rd person singular present) occurs with most verbs. do not occur across whole classes. E.g.: not all verbs take the derivational suffix ‘al’ as refuse, propose.

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes 11/2 2 Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes typically occur away from the root. E.g.: the plural morpheme ‘s’ occurs at the end of a word, after all other morphemes. occur close to the root, before inflectional morphemes.

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes 12/2 2 Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes -s: 3rd person singular present -ed: past tense -ing: present participle -en: past participle -s: Plural -s: possessive -er:comparative -est: superlative There are a large number of derivational morphemes, which can be prefixes or suffixes.

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes 13/2 2 Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes Work in groups of 3 Each group make a list of 5 inflectional and 5 derivational morphemes The fastest group win the game

3 Morphological processes of word formation 1/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Prefixation: adding a prefix to the base E.g.: Non-stop Predict

3 Morphological processes of word formation 2/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Suffixation: adding a suffix to the base E.g.: Economist Grammatical

3 Morphological processes of word formation 3/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Conversion: a change of word-classes without affix. E.g.: Import (n), (v) Abstract (n), (adj)

3 Morphological processes of word formation 4/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Compounding: word formation from two or more bases. E.g. Greenhouse effect Desktop computer

3 Morphological processes of word formation shortening a word 5/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Clipping: shortening a word E.g.: Phone from telephone Photo from photograph Flu from influenza

3 Morphological processes of word formation 6/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Reduplication: word formation from two or more either identical or slightly different elements. E.g.: Goody-goody Tick-tock Seesaw Wishy-washy Tip-top

3 Morphological processes of word formation 7/3 Morphological processes of word formation 3 Blending: word formation from two separate forms. E.g.: Motel from motor and hotel Smog from smoke and fog.

3 Morphological processes of word formation 8/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Acronym: word formation from initial letters of a series of words. E.g.: TV from television FAQ from frequently asked question.

Sound + stress interchange 9/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation E.g.: aspirin Others Coinage E.g.: boss, piano Borrowing E.g.: opt (option) Backformation E.g.: conduct Sound + stress interchange E.g.: kiwi Sound imitation

3 Morphological processes of word formation 10/3 3 Morphological processes of word formation Each student receives an affix Group yourselves into prefixes and suffixes Each student gives an example of his/her affix

1/4 4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Closed system Open class

4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 2/4 comprises functional words such as articles, demonstratives, pronouns prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections Open class

4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 3/4 Features: unextendable number of members reciprocally exclusive reciprocally defining unstressed in spoken language Open class

4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 4/4 comprises notional/ lexical words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs Closed system Open class

4 Parts of speech Parts of speech Open class Closed system 5/4 Features: extendable number of members combinability having certain syntactic functions stressed words in spoken language Closed system Open class

6/4 4 Parts of speech Decide if the following words belong to closed-system or open class blue head the that summarize which you open closed

5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator 1/5 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator

5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator 2/5 5 Parts of a sentence Parts of a sentence Subject Predicate Operator What is being discussed – theme. E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle every day.

5 Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject Predicate Operator 3/5 What is being said about the subject – rheme. E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle every day.

5 Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject Predicate Operator 4/5 What helps to change a sentence into: - interrogative E.g.: Do her parents visit her every day? negative E.g.: Her parents do not visit her every day. - emphatic E.g.: Her parents do visit her every day. Subject Predicate Operator

5 Parts of a sentence Parts of speech Subject Predicate Operator 5/5 include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am a student and I have a part-time job. Lexical verbs include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am cooking. Primary Auxiliaries include will, shall, should, can, might, etc. E.g.: I can cook. Modal

5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement 6/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement 7/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Intensive Extensive + Cs (1) + A (obli) (2) intransitive (3) transitive mono-transitive (4) di-transitive (5) complex-transitive (6,7) Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement 8/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements He is lovely. SVCs (1) intensive He is out of the office. SVA (obli) (2) He is crying. SV (3) intransitive extensive He broke the vase. SVO (4) transitive He sent me an e-mail. SVOO (5) He found the play boring. SVOCo (6) He put the vase on the table. SVOA (obli) (7) Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial

5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement 9/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Stative Not progressive form Verb E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very good. Object Dynamic Progressive form Complement E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked. Adverbial

5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement 10/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb indirect (Oi) direct (Od) Object Complement E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od). Adverbial

Object Complement (Co) Subject Complement (Cs) 11/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs) considers me his best friend (Co). Verb Object Object Complement (Co) Subject Complement (Cs) Complement Adverbial

5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement 12/5 5 Parts of a sentence Sentence elements Subject Verb E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt) His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli) Object Complement obligatory optional Adverbial

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 1/6 6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 2/6 6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence Noun phrase E.g.: All these books are mine. Verb phrase E.g.: John has been looking for Jane. Adjective phrase E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man. Adverb phrase E.g.: He ran quite fast. Prepositional phrase E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology.

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 3/6 6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns In terms of functions of the clause In terms of kinds of verb phrases

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 4/6 6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence SVA: John is at home SVCs: John is a doctor. SVO: John has cured many serious patients. SVOO: He gives his patients the same prescription. SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file. SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish. SV: He’s going out. In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns In terms of functions of the clause In terms of kinds of verb phrases

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 5/6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 6 Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns In terms of functions of the clause In terms of kinds of verb phrases Finite clause E.g.: He took her out of the blue. Non-finite clause E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents. Verbless clause E.g.: If possible, come to see us.

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 6/6 6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns In terms of functions of the clause In terms of kinds of verb phrases Subordinate Superordinate E.g.: She said that you hit her first. subordinate superordinate

Types of phrases, clauses, sentences 7/6 6 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences Syntax Phrase Clause Sentence E.g.: All these books are mine. Simple E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking. Compound E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in the London workshop. Complex Complex compound E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes and looked at the stranger.

Homework Exercises 4-7, 10-13 Workbook