E_English Grammar Course Unit 7 Lecture 7 - Adverbials

Issues Units realizing adverbial functions Classes of adverbials Adjuncts Disjuncts Conjuncts

Units realizing adverbial functions 1/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Noun phrases Prepositional phrases Finite clause Non-finite clause Verbless clause

Units realizing adverbial functions 2/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases E.g.: I have never been there. Finite clause Noun phrases Non-finite clause Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

Units realizing adverbial functions 3/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Finite clause E.g.: I saw her last week. Noun phrases Non-finite clause Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

Units realizing adverbial functions 4/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Finite clause Noun phrases Non-finite clause E.g.: She sat in a dark corner. Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

Units realizing adverbial functions 5/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Finite clause E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone at the window table. Noun phrases Non-finite clause Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

Units realizing adverbial functions 6/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Finite clause Noun phrases Non-finite clause Prepositional phrases Verbless clause infinitive -ing participle -ed participle He plays to win. Seeing Tom, she smiles. Whenever left alone, he cried.

Units realizing adverbial functions 7/7 1 Units realizing adverbial functions Realization of adverbials Adverb phrases Finite clause Noun phrases Non-finite clause Prepositional phrases Verbless clause E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

2 Classes of Adverbials 1/7 Integrated in clause structure ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS Integrated in clause structure Peripheral in clause structure

2 Classes of Adverbials 2/7 1. can’t appear initially in a negative ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS 1. can’t appear initially in a negative declarative clause. E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.

2 Classes of Adverbials 3/7 2. can be contrasted with another ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS 2. can be contrasted with another adverbial in an alternative interrogation (as focus of clause interrogation) E.g. Does he write to his parents because he misses them, or only because he wants some money?

2 Classes of Adverbials 4/7 3. can be contrasted with another ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS 3. can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation (as focus of clause negation) E.g. We didn’t hate him because of his appearance, but because of his bad behavior.

2 Classes of Adverbials 5/7 1. can appear initially before a ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS 1. can appear initially before a negative clause in most cases E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come. (disjunct) Therefore, he couldn’t come. (conjunct)

2 Classes of Adverbials 6/7 2. cannot be contrasted with ADJUNCTS DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS 2. cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative interrogation. 3. cannot be focus of clause negation

2 Classes of Adverbials 7/7 Can serve as a response to an Y-N ADJUNCTS Can serve as a response to an Y-N question. E.g.: A: Will he be there? B: Yes, probably. DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS 1/21 3 Adjuncts SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form or predication ellipsis. E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.  John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS 2/21 3 Adjuncts SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS 2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”. E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for longer).

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS 3/21 3 Adjuncts SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS 3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”. E.g.: They will also meet afterwards. 4. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence. E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS 4/21 3 Adjuncts ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS 1. Can constitute a comparative construction E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does. 2. Have premodifying “however” E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious in the way you talk.

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS 5/21 3 Adjuncts ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS 3. Have premodifying “how” E.g.: How often does she wash her hair? How carelessly he drives! 4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion) E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.

Adjuncts 3 6/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

Adjuncts 3 7/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS + = ‘if we consider what we are saying from a [adj. phrase] point of view’ + usually in initial position E.g.: Geographically (speaking), Vietnam is a diverse country. Business-wise, it’s not a good idea to open a fast food restaurant in this area.

Adjuncts 3 8/21 limiters viewpoint exclusives focusing intensifier additives exclusives particularizers viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS alone, just, only, purely, simply chiefly, especially, mainly, etc. also, either, even, neither, nor, too, as well as, in addition

Adjuncts 3 8/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS - Cannot be modified Eg. *very only, *extremely also - Cannot be coordinated Eg. *just and exactly, *equally and likewise Exception: purely and simply

Adjuncts 3 9/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS emphasizers amplifiers downtoners clearly, definitely, etc. maximizers completely, etc. boosters by far, well, etc. compromisers kind of, quite, etc. diminishers partly, slightly, etc. minimizers a bit, barely, etc. approximators almost, nearly, etc.

Adjuncts 3 10/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS + = in that way/ that way + favor final conditions + co-occur with dynamic verbs, not stative verbs E.g.: They live frugally. Tear gas was indiscriminatively sprayed on the protesters.

Adjuncts 3 11/21 viewpoint focusing manner intensifier process means subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS manner means instrument E.g.: They walked in single file. E.g.: I go to school by car. E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

Adjuncts 3 12/21 viewpoint focusing general intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS general With great unease, they elected him as their leader. volitional deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, willingly, with reluctance, etc. formulaic please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.

Adjuncts 3 13/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place + denote position, direction, movement, and passage + most are prepositional phrases; adverb phrases and noun phrases used frequently + used only with verbs of motions or other dynamic verbs denoting direction E.g.: She works a long way from here. We’re moving some furniture into the kitchen. viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

Adjuncts 3 14/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS direction I take the book from the shelf. She ran past the church. position I live in a small village. He is over there.

Adjuncts 3 15/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS when duration frequency other relationships

Adjuncts 3 16/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS when + point of time E.g.: today, tomorrow + boundary of time E.g.: afterwards duration frequency other relationships

Adjuncts 3 17/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS when duration + length of time E.g.: briefly + from the preceding point in time E.g.: since frequency other relationships

Adjuncts 3 18/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place + indefinite - usual occurrence: E.g.: usually - continuous/continual: E.g.: always - high: E.g.: often - low/zero: occasionally, never viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS when duration frequency + definite - period: E.g.: daily - number: E.g.: twice other relationships

Adjuncts 3 19/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS when duration frequency other relationships first, still, yet, already, etc.

Adjuncts 3 20/21 viewpoint focusing intensifier process subject place time others TYPES OF ADJUNCTS + expressing purpose, cause, reason, source or origin E.g.: He took the book from me. They symbolically buried the car as a protest against pollution.

RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS 21/21 3 Adjuncts RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS 1. In final position: process – place - time E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole morning (time). 2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus. 3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2). 4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts. E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).

Attitudinal disjuncts 1/3 4 Disjuncts DISJUNCTS Style disjuncts Most disjuncts are prepositional phrases or clause Attitudinal disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts 2/3 4 Disjuncts DISJUNCTS Style disjuncts convey the speaker’s comment on the form of what he is saying, defining in some way under what conditions he is speaking E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire? Personally, I don’t approve of her. Very frankly, I am tired. Attitudinal disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts 3/3 4 Disjuncts DISJUNCTS Style disjuncts Attitudinal disjuncts convey the speaker’s comment on the content of what he is saying generally appear only on declarative clauses E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us. Understandably, they were all annoyed when reading the letter.

Conjuncts 5 1/15 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases or prepositional phrases. 2. The normal position for most conjuncts is initial. 3. Conjuncts often have a separate tone unit.

Conjuncts 5 2/15 CONJUNCTS Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition

3/15 5 Conjuncts CONJUNCTS Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing, for another thing; for a start, to begin with, next, then…

Conjuncts 5 4/15 also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all, Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all, what is more, then (informal), etc.

Conjuncts 5 5/15 equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc. Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.

Conjuncts 5 6/15 by the way, incidentally, etc. CONJUNCTS Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition by the way, incidentally, etc.

Conjuncts 5 7/15 then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc. Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.

Conjuncts 5 8/15 namely, in other words, for instance, Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition namely, in other words, for instance, that is, that is to say, for example, etc.

9/15 5 Conjuncts CONJUNCTS Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.

10/15 5 Conjuncts CONJUNCTS Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.

Conjuncts 5 11/15 better, rather, in other words, etc. CONJUNCTS Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition better, rather, in other words, etc.

Conjuncts 5 12/15 alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc. Enumerative Result Reinforcing Inferential alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc. Equative Reformulatory Transitional Replacive Summative Antithetic Apposition Concessive Temporal transition

Conjuncts 5 13/15 instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, etc.

Conjuncts 5 14/15 anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, still Enumerative Reinforcing Equative Transitional Summative Apposition Result Inferential Reformulatory Replacive Antithetic Concessive Temporal transition anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, still nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after all in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.

Conjuncts 5 15/15 meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc. Enumerative Result Reinforcing Inferential Equative Reformulatory Transitional Replacive Summative meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc. Antithetic Apposition Concessive Temporal transition