Emergence of World Patterns AGE OF EXPLORATION [European Hegemony]

Global Hegemony Portuguese 16th Century Spain 17th Century Dutch 18th Century English 19th Century American 20th Century ?????? 21st Century All of these eras were dominated by their specific group based upon control of long-distance trade.

Concepts Capitalism Caravel Columbian Exchange Factor Northwest Passage One continuing aim for explorers once they realized that two massive continents existed in the western hemisphere was to search for a route around them to the north. Ice has always been the consistent barrier. With global warming, however, in recent years a northwest passage has open to shipping without resorting to the use of icebreakers.

Essential Questions How and why was European hegemony the outcome of exploration? Why did the Europeans invest so much in exploration? What was the global impact of the biological diffusion of the era? What was the political and economic impact of the Age of Exploration? How are present day global relations impacted by the Age of Exploration?

Motivations for Exploration Lure of trade [Gold] Riches of the East w/o Muslim & Venetian intermediaries Religious diffusion [God] New Testament urged Replace Crusades Glory Seekers of wealth and renown

Exploration

Exploration Time Line

Advances in Technology Muslims Lateen sails Astrolabe China Magnetic compass Multiple masts Stem-post & reticulated rudder

Technology

Chinese Treasure Ships

Portuguese Exploration Prince Henry the Navigator School of geography and navigation Bartolomeu Dias Cape of Good Hope [1488] Vasco de Gamma Calcut, India [1497] Admiral Albuquerque Hormuz [1508] – Goa [1510] Melaka [1511]

Portuguese

Bartolomeo Dias

Vasco de Gamma

Admiral Albuquerque

Spanish Exploration Christoforo Colombo Hernan Cortez Paved way for conquest, settlement, exploration Hernan Cortez Conquered Aztecs Francisco Pizarro Conquered Inca Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigated the earth

Columbus                                                                                                                                                                  

Hernan Cortez

Pizarro

Magellan

Spanish Conquest Conquistadores Encomienda De las Casas Spanish soldiers of fortune Encomienda Forced labor > Native Americans [slavery] De las Casas Expose` of Spanish cruelty

Spain De Las Casas exposed cruelty and cause encomienda to be revoked.

Rivalries Spanish & Portuguese TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Rivals over South America Settled by Pope TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Portugal gets Brazil Spain gets the rest

Treaty of Tordesillas

The Competition England Dutch Successful English East India Company United East India Company Successful Faster, cheaper, more powerful ships Private enterprise with government support

United East India Company [Dutch]

Dutch Colonial Influences New Amsterdam Cape Colony [S. Africa] Dutch

East India Company [English]

Conquest of S.E. Asia Spain Dutch English Legazpi > Philippines Dutch Jan Pierterzoon Coen Batavia English Captain James Cook Australia & Pacific Islands

Conquest S.E. Asia Jan Pierterzoon Coen

Commercial Rivalries Competition in S.E. Asia Dutch expel Portuguese Seven Years War [Global conflict] England & Prussia vs. France, Austria, Russia British & French over North America Caribbean control France & Spain limit British expansion

Treaty of Paris 1763

Columbian Exchange Biological exchange Global diffusion of plants, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens Impact on populations encountered Epidemics: smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza B/w 1500-1800 – 100M people died of imported diseases

Columbian Exchange Impact on European populations Huge population increase World population increase 425 M [1500] to 900M [1800] Migrations African [slaves] largest migration Origins of global trade European merchants genuine global trade

Columbian Exchange

African Diaspora

Demographics of Diaspora                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Patterns of Global Trade European trade privileges Proto-spheres of interest Russia European shipping companies established agencies for trade in Moscow & St. Petersburg Enjoyed commercial privileges

Enduring Questions How can we measure the impact of the Age of Exploration on the process of globalization and the dominance of the West? Identify the West in terms of modern times.