FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) GENERAL OVERVIEW LEGAL SERVICE COMMAND MISSION SUPPORT LAW DIVISION

WHAT IS FOIA? Enacted by Congress in 1966 and codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552. Implemented by DHS regs at 6 C.F.R. Part 5, and COMDTINST M Statutory right of access to information in federal agencies. Ensures an informed citizenry / prevents secret law. Records must be disclosed unless exempt, excluded. Amended several times. Latest was 2007 with the Open Government Act Amendment.

GENERAL PROVISIONS Only applicable to federal agencies of the Executive Branch. Any person for any reason may request agency records. 20 working day time limit for agency to make release decision. Right to appeal. Right to judicial review.

E-FOIA “Electronic Amendment” to FOIA enacted in Extended processing time limit from 10 to 20 working days. Requesters may file FOIA requests electronically. Must furnish records in requested format “if practicable.” Denials must describe the volume and location of records withheld. Provides for expedited processing requests (10-day resolution limit).

COAST GUARD’S POLICY ON RECORD ACCESS It is the Commandant’s policy to make records maintained by the Coast Guard available to the public to the greatest extent possible in keeping with the spirit of the FOIA while balancing the need to protect privacy and security interests (Change 3 to FOIA Manual – Post 9/11 policy). COMDTINST M (FOIA/PA Manual) sets forth the policy and procedures for all commands to follow in administering the FOIA and Privacy Act.

SUBMITTING A FOIA REQUEST Must be in writing (e.g., letter, fax, ). Must “reasonably” describe the information requested. Should indicate that it is being made under FOIA. Should indicate an agreement to pay all applicable FOIA fees. Should be addressed to the custodian of the records.

NEGOTIATED RELEASE Acceptable to “bargain” with requester on scope of information requested (e.g., withholding names & identifiers embedded within requested records). Info “withheld” under this negotiated agreement is not considered a denial of responsive info. Details of a negotiated release must be memorialized in your release letter to the requester.

SEARCH A thorough search of all locations in which responsive records could reasonably be expected to be located must be conducted and formally documented (FOIA Manual, Ch 5-C). A “no records” response must describe: –types of files searched. –identifiers used in search (e.g., computer search words). –dates of search. –name(s) of searcher(s). –searcher contact info. –other relevant info (Ch 5-F-1). A “no records” response must include appeal rights (Ch 5-F-4).

SEGREGABILITY All segregable portions of a document must be released (FOIA Manual, Ch 5-D-2). No “blanket” withholdings.

9 EXEMPTIONS (Chapter 8 of FOIA/PA Manual) 1.Classified Material 2.Internal Personnel Rules 3.Records Required to be Withheld by Another Statute 4.Confidential Commercial or Financial Information 5.Inter-Agency or Intra- Agency Documents 6.Personal Privacy 7.Records or Information Compiled for Law Enforcement Purposes 8. Records Relating to Supervision of Financial Institutions 9.Geological or Geophysical Information

EXEMPTION 1 Applies to information which is currently and properly classified in the interest of National Defense. Refer to the Classified Information Security Program, COMDTINST M , to see if records should be declassified. “Glomar” response may be appropriate when the fact of a record’s existence or nonexistence may be classified. (“We can neither confirm nor deny the existence of such records.”)

EXEMPTION 2 Applies solely to internal personnel rules and practices of an agency. U.S. Supreme Court case, Milner v. Dept of Navy (2011) provided a three-part test: 1. The information must be related to “personnel” rules and practices. 2. The information must relate “solely” to those personnel rules and practices. 3. The information must be internal. (Examples: records relating to employee relations and human resources, such as hiring and firing, work rules and discipline, compensation and benefits.)

EXEMPTION 3 Applies to records exempted from disclosure by statute. List of statutes used by the Coast Guard located on FOIA Home Page in CG Portal. Examples: 41 U.S.C. § 253b(m)(1) – Contract proposal not in contract. 10 U.S.C. § 2305(g) – Certain contract proposals. 10 U.S.C. § 130b – Personal information of personnel in overseas, sensitive or routinely deployable units. Use of any other statute must be approved in advance by COMDT (CG-611).

EXEMPTION 4 Applies to trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person or company and considered privileged or confidential. Trade Secrets – A plan, formula, process, or device. Commercial or Financial Information - Intended to protect the interests of commercial entities that submit information to the Coast Guard and the interests of the government in receiving continued access to such data. –Will release of info impair Govt.’s ability to obtain necessary info in the future? –Will release cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom info was obtained? –Will release of info cause some other harm to Govt. or submitter?

EXEMPTION 5 Applies to inter-agency or intra-agency memoranda that contains: –Deliberative process material – pre-decisional info, e.g., drafts, opinions, recommendations. –Attorney work product – prepared by an attorney or under his/her direction in anticipation of litigation. –Attorney-client communications – comms between an attorney and their client. –Confidential commercial info – info that if released would be harmful to the Govt’s bargaining position. –Other examples – safety mishap investigations.

EXEMPTION 6 Applies to personnel, medical, or similar files, release of which would cause a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy. Balancing test: private interests versus public interests. Privacy interests – e.g., home addresses, home phone numbers, social security numbers, etc. No privacy interests – corporations, deceased individuals (except in very specific cases). Public interests – does release shed light on agency’s performance of its duties.

EXEMPTION 7 Applies to records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes. –7(A): could interfere with enforcement proceedings. –7(B): could deprive a person to a fair, impartial hearing. –7(C): could be an infringement of personal privacy. –7(D): could disclose the identity of a confidential source. –7(E): could disclose techniques of law enforcement investigations. –7(F): could endanger the life or physical safety of any individual.

EXEMPTIONS 8 & 9 Exemption 8 applies to records of agencies responsible for the regulation or supervision of a financial institution. Exemption 9 applies to records relating to any geological or geophysical info or data concerning wells. Neither of these exemptions are used by the Coast Guard.

RELEASE & DENIAL AUTHORITY Release authority is encouraged to be delegated to the lowest levels. Denial authority is restricted. List of individuals with FOIA Initial Denial Authority (IDA) is located on Coast Guard FOIA Home Page in CG Portal at IDA list includes: CG LANTAREA CGD FIVE & Legal Advisor CG Legal Service Command Denial & partial denial letters can only be signed by the IDA.

WHAT’S CONSIDERED A DENIAL? Withholding all or part of requested records or information. Not granting a fee waiver or fee reduction. Not granting a request for expedited processing. The response letter must be signed by IDA and explain appeal rights.

JUSTIFICATION MEMO Required for all decisions to deny disclosure of information (FOIA Manual, Ch 9-A). Explains “sound legal basis” for each exemption cited to withhold information. Must be approved by a Coast Guard attorney.

FEES Fee assessment is not an option; must be uniform. Follow the fee computation formula in CG FOIA Manual, Ch 11-C. 4 categories of requesters (i.e., commercial, educational, news media, all others). 3 types of fees (i.e., search, review, duplication).

FOIA FEES TABLE * First 100 pages free. ** First 2 hours of search free. TYPE OF REQUESTER SEARCHREVIEWDUPLICATE COMMERCIAL $$$ EDU/SCIFREE $*$* NEWS MEDIAFREE $*$* ALL OTHERS $ ** FREE $*$*

FEES (cont’d) Fees payable to “Treasury of the United States.” Payment sent to releaser of records, and then forwarded to Department of Treasury’s Lockbox in Atlanta, GA (FOIA Manual, Ch 11-D). If “estimated” fees will exceed $25, requester must be notified of the estimated amount. CG will waive fees totaling less than $14.

FEE WAIVERS Anyone may request a waiver / reduction of fees. Granting waiver = public expense. Requester must include justification(s). Criteria: –Records must concern operations / activities of Govt. –Records must not already be in public domain. –Disclosure must contribute to understanding of general public – not a narrow segment of interested persons. –Disclosure must significantly enhance public’s level of understanding. –Must demonstrate ability & intention to disseminate the records to the general public.

EXPEDITED PROCESSING Anyone may request expedited processing. Reduces agency response time from 20 to 10 working days. Criteria: –Must be a person primarily engaged in disseminating info & has an urgency to inform the public of actual or alleged Fed Govt. activity, or –Must show that without expedited treatment, there is imminent threat to life or physical safety. If granted, process immediately. If denied, notify requester of right to appeal.

PROCESSING FOIA REQUEST Receive FOIA / Enter in Law Manager / FOIA Control #. Determine custodian of records / Estimate FOIA fees. If commercial info – notify submitting company - justification. Search for records / Request 2 copies from custodian. Review records / Make redaction recommendations Draft release letter or denial/partial denial letter and justification memo. Initial Denial Authority signs letter / Make final redactions / Mail Track for FOIA fees / Close in Law Manager / Enter stats in Report.

REFERENCES CG FOIA Manual, COMDTINST M CG Headquarters FOIA Web Page in CG Portal DHS FOIA Regulations (6 CFR Part 5) Dept. of Justice FOIA Guide & FOIA Posts

POINTS OF CONTACT LSC FOIA Coordinator, Joe Mason (757) , LSC Asst. FOIA Coordinator, YN2 Jason Weeden (757) , CG HQ FOIA Coordinator, Amanda Ackerson (202) , CG HQ Acting FOIA Officer, Gaston Brewer (202) ,

THE END Questions?