Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 15 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Sui Dynasty ( CE) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Massive building projects (Military labor, Conscripted labor) 2
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China Linked network of earlier canals 2000k (1240 miles) Roads on either bank 3
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Tang Dynasty ( CE) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in Tang Dynasty initiated 4
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tang Taizong (r CE) 2 nd Tang emperor Strong ruler Built capital at Changan Law and order Taxes, prices low More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies 5
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Major achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field System 20% of land hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility Worked well until 8 th century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries 6
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations Some bribery, nepotism But most advance through merit Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early 20 th century 7
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships Gifts China as Middle Kingdom The kowtow ritual 8
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The Sui and Tang dynasties, C.E. 10
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Changan, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Changan and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 th century, last emperor abdicates
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Song Dynasty ( CE) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy 12
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Song dynasty, C.E. 13
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c. Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) 14
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast- ripening rice, 2 crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals Terrace farming 15
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties 16
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Urbanization Changan worlds most populous city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million Several cities over 100,000 17
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Footbinding gains popularity Increased control by male family members 18
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Footbinding 19
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Technology and Industry Porcelain (Chinaware) 20
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Metallurgy Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented 21
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Printing Moveable type by mid-11 th century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier 22
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Emergence of a Market Economy Flying cash: letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in 11 th century 24
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods 25
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear 26
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Dunhuang Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China (Gansu province), CE Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor 27
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Celibacy isolation Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Procreation Filial piety 29
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chan (Zen) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead 30
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings 31
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Neo-Confucianism Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Zhu Xi ( CE) important synthesizer Popular to 20 th century 32
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. China and Korea Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive 33
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. China and Vietnam Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10 th century 34
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence Nara Japan ( CE) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion 35
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Heian Japan ( CE) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution 36
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese kanji characters Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet Court life: The Tale of Genji Written by woman with weak command of Chinese, becomes classic of early Japanese literature 37
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12 th century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto 38
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Medieval Japan Kamakura ( CE) and Muromachi ( CE) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samura 40
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Summary 41