Pre-Class 1/5/10 In your notes: Give this picture a title List 3 details that you see in this picture What stands out to you in this picture? Write down 3 questions you have about this picture.

Toussaint LOverture (French Perspective)

Welcome 1/5/10 Todays Agenda 1. Pre-Class 2. Share Out 3. Haitian Revolution 4. Final Thoughts/HW Todays Objectives 1. To learn about the Haitian Rebellion 2. To learn what effect it had on American slaves Announcements Notes are in BLUE today.

So where is Haiti?

Quick Thoughts Raise your hands in response to the following questions: 1. What ideas do we remember about Caribbean Slavery? 2. What were the conditions like? 3. What was the population of Caribbean plantations like?

San Domingue 1. *San Domingue was the largest Carribean Colony 2. S.D. also made the most money of all the Caribbean Colonies. What can these facts tell us about life on San Domingue? *San Domingue = Haiti

Why is San Domingue Relevant? COPY THESE DOWN 1. It is the site of the largest and most successful slave revolt in the Americas 2. Becomes the first internationally recognized and independent Black Nation in the Americas 3. Would inspire slaves in America as a symbol of Black freedom

San Domingue 18 th Century San Domingue was owned by the French. Society was based on sugar plantations. Population involved Racial Break Down: 20,000-40,000 whites 3.5% - 7% 30,000 free people of color 5% 15,000 mulattos 2.5% 500,000 slaves 88%

Turn and Discuss with your partner San Domingue was in essence no different than any other Sugar-producing colony at that time. And yet revolution is about to break out! What might lead to slave revolution? Hint: Think about what else is going on in the world at this time.

REMEMBER BLUE = NOTES!

2 Main Influences… The Haitian Revolution was inspired by 2 other revolutions: American Revolution 1776 French Revolution 1789 The ideas of the Enlightenment made it to San Domingue and inspired revolution among the slaves! Haitian Revolution Americans inspire French, French inspire San Domingue (Haiti)

Enlightened Ideas in San Domingue French Revolution – Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen All Men are born and remain free and equal White Planters in San Domingue refuse equality to blacks Free blacks and slaves revolt in response.

Local Leaders Inspire Revolution Boukman Dutty – Ex-Slave and Voodoo Leader [I am Boukman Dutty, former slave and voodoo priest.] God who made the sun that shines on us from above, who makes the sea to rage and the thunder roll, this same great God from his hiding place on a cloud, hear me, all of you, is looking down upon us. He sees what the whites are doing. The God of the whites asks for crime; ours desires only blessings. But this God who is good directs you to vengeance! He will direct our arms, he will help us. Cast aside the image of the God of the whites who thirsts for our tears and pay heed to the voice of liberty speaking in our hearts….

The Black George Washington Toussaint LOuverture Leader and General of the Black Slave Army Was born into slavery Freed at Age 33 Actually owned slaves on San Domingue (eventually freed them)

The Haitian Revolution! -- Under Toussaint Lasted 13 bloody years Toussaint and his forces fought British, Spanish and French When France lost control of San Domingue, other Europeans moved in to steal the colony Alliances shifted during the 13 years Toussaint eventually signed treaties with France, France made Toussaint Governor of San Domingue for life 1797 Why would France do this? Why make peace with Toussaint? 1802 Toussaint is captured by Napoleons forces (Double Cross) Llerc (Napoleons Brother-in-law) leads forces

Haitian Revolution – After Toussaint Once Toussaint removed French begin nasty campaign to reinstitute slavery Man-eating dogs to hunt black soldiers Massacres/mutilations of blacks Dessalines (black general) takes command defeats French, Haiti declares independence 1804! After losing San Domingue, Napoleon sells the US his Lousiana Territory – gives up on American conquest Revenge Taken by Black Soldiers

Tonights Homework Read Pages 162 Slave Uprisings – 165 Answer the following: 1. How did the legacy of the Haitian Rebellion and Toussaint Louverture and the Enlightenment affect the views of slaves and their ideas on rebellion? 2. How did the whites react to the fear of slave uprisings? What actions did they take?

Pre-Class 1/6/10 Imagine you were in San Domingue at the start of the Slave Revolt… Write a half page letter detailing your reaction to the events going on around you. Make specific reference to what you have learned about the Haitian Revolution so far. Write as one of the following characters: 1. A French Soldier 2. A Free Black/Slave 3. A local merchant (non soldier)

Welcome 1/6/10 Todays Agenda 1. Pre-Class 2. Share Out 3. Wrap up Notes 4. Final Thoughts & HW Todays Objectives To understand the impact made by the Haitian Revolution on American society. Announcements: Notes are still in BLUE

Haitian Revolution – After Toussaint Once Toussaint removed French begin nasty campaign to reinstitute slavery Man-eating dogs to hunt black soldiers Massacres/mutilations of blacks Dessalines (black general) takes command defeats French, Haiti declares independence 1804! After losing San Domingue, Napoleon sells the US his Lousiana Territory – gives up on American conquest Revenge Taken by Black Soldiers

The Legacy of the Haitian Revolution The victory of the slaves in Haiti became a very influential achievement. How would you expect blacks to react? Whites? America?

Black Reaction – Intellectual Change Keep in mind the magnitude of Toussaints Victory! Toussaint as Black George Washington – Heroic Symbol Haitian Revolution becomes inspirational on an intellectual level Shift in Black Views on Ending Slavery; Personal Enlightenment Prior to Enlightenment – Blacks view an end of slavery on a personal level – end personal grievances, revenge etc. Haitian Revolution embodies new ideas Its not just about one person, it must be destroyed for the sake of the common good – it denies human rights to its victims. Haitian Rev was a revolution of moral conscious.

Black Reaction – Inspiration for Future Rebellion Gabriel Prosser Conspiracy Attempt to capture Virginian Governor James Monroe Armed attempt was meant to inspire free blacks, slaves, poor whites, and Native Americans to fight back against whites. Was the most far reaching planned slave revolt in U.S. History – but it failed. Gabriel Prosser Blacksmith/Slave Afforded some independence by his job Social/Intellectual inspiration -- free blacks, Haitian Rev, American Rev, white laborers (poor whites) Maiming a white man trial, bible verse loophole – escaped death

White Reaction – Fear of Slaves News of Slave Uprisings created fear of imminent race war Haiti was scary Gabriel, terrified – too close to home. Spread of fear affects decisions about slave treatment Increase in Slave Code strictness – communication crackdown Isolation of slaves – separation created between slaves and free blacks Suspicion of outsiders – free slaves forced out of south

White Reaction – Thomas Jefferson How would Thomas Jefferson react to Toussaint LOurverture? In typical Thomas Jefferson Fashion Removed old ambassador to San Domingue (who was a friend to Toussaint) – replaced him with Tobias Lear, a nobody (low-level) The Reaction: He [Toussaint] immediately returned my Commission without opening it, expressing his disappointment and disgust in strong terms, saying that his Colour was the cause of his being neglected, and not thought worthy of the Usual attentions. As expected – Jefferson has no intention of acknowledging Toussaint as an equal.