FIGURE 12-1 Op-amp symbols and packages. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-2 Basic op-amp representations. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-3 Basic internal arrangement of an op-amp. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-4 Single-ended input mode. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-5 Differential input mode. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-6 Common-mode operation. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-7 Input bias current is the average of the two op-amp input currents. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-8 Op-amp input impedance. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-9 Effect of input offset current. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-10 Op-amp output impedance. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-11 Slew-rate measurement. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-12 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-13 Illustration of negative feedback. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-14 Without negative feedback, a small input voltage drives the op-amp to its output limits and it becomes nonlinear. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-15 Noninverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-16 Differential input Vin - Vf. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-17 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-18 Op-amp voltage-follower. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-19 Inverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-20 Virtual ground concept and closed-loop voltage gain development for the inverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-21 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-22 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-23 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-24 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-25 Inverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-26 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-27 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-28 Input bias current creates output error voltage (I1Rf) in inverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-29 Input bias current creates output error voltage in a voltage-follower. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-30 Input bias current creates output error voltage in noninverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-31 Bias current compensation in a voltage-follower. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-32 Bias current compensation in the noninverting and inverting amplifier configurations. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-33 Input offset voltage equivalent. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-34 Input offset voltage compensation for a 741 op-amp. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-35 Open-loop and closed-loop op-amp configurations. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-36 Ideal plot of open-loop voltage gain versus frequency for a typical op-amp. The frequency scale is logarithmic. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-37 RC lag circuit. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-38 Op-amp represented by a gain element and an internal RC circuit. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-39 Output voltage lags input voltage. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-40 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-41 Op-amp open-loop frequency response. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-42 Closed-loop gain compared to open-loop gain. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-43 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-44 Faults in the noninverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-45 Faults in the inverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-46 Block diagram of basic superheterodyne AM receiver. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-47 Audio amplifier board. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-48 Audio amplifier schematic. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-49 Test results for three faulty circuit boards. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-50 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-51 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-52 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-53 File circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to figure numbers (e.g., F12-53). Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-54 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-55 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-56 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-57 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-58 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-59 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-60 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-61 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-62 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-63 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-64 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-65 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-66 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-67 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-68 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE 12-69 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.