GROWTH AND SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN ASIA

Han dynasty [206 BCE-220 CE] China’s “classical age” Confucianism became the basis of educational system Confucianism became the basis of educational system Contemporary with Roman Empire Contemporary with Roman Empire

Civil Service Examination China as a “meritocracy” China as a “meritocracy” Scholarship was the way to the top! Scholarship was the way to the top! Initiated in 2 nd century BCE and continued until early 1900s. Initiated in 2 nd century BCE and continued until early 1900s. “Cheat shirt” c. 19 th C.

Connected to central Asia and Rome over “Silk Roads” Sericulture

Tang Dynasty [ CE]: “Cosmopolitan China” Tang capital at Chang’an was a crossroads of the world Tang capital at Chang’an was a crossroads of the world China was the center of “civilization” in Asia— China was the center of “civilization” in Asia— Conducted diplomacy through the “tribute system” Conducted diplomacy through the “tribute system”

Chang’an In Chang’an there were Buddhist temples, Daoist monasteries, Manichean, Nestorian, Mazdean temples, and eventually Muslim Mosques.

Tang China: a regional power During the Tang period, Chinese philosophies, classic texts, ideas about government and city planning spread to Japan, Korea, Vietnam During the Tang period, Chinese philosophies, classic texts, ideas about government and city planning spread to Japan, Korea, Vietnam Layout of Nara, Japan, [ ]

Tang China: the tributary system RGH #30

The Sui and Tang dynasties, C.E.

Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 th century, last emperor abdicates 907 Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9 th century, last emperor abdicates 907

Song Dynasty ( CE) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE) Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy

The Song dynasty, C.E.

Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c. Two peasant rebellions in 12 th c. Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song) Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals Water wheels, canals Terrace farming Terrace farming

Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system Effective food distribution system Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

Urbanization Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million residents Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million

Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Footbinding gains popularity Footbinding gains popularity Increased control by male family members Increased control by male family members

Footbinding

Footbinding “Three Inch Golden Lillies”

Western example?

Technology and Industry Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined Earlier printing techniques refined Moveable type by mid-11 th century Moveable type by mid-11 th century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology Naval technology

Tea

Emergence of a Market Economy Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used Development of independently produced paper money Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in 11 th century Government claims monopoly on money production in 11 th century

China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

Connected to central Asia and Rome over “Silk Roads” Sericulture

Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism: Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Ascetic ideal Celibacy Celibacy isolation isolation Confucianism: Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Family-centered Procreation Filial piety

China and Korea Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

China and Vietnam Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at political domination But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10 th century Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10 th century

Heian Japan ( CE) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution Helps explain longevity of the institution

China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” ( CE) Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” ( CE) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion Yet retention of Shinto religion

Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese kanji characters Influence of Chinese kanji characters Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese

Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12 th century Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12 th century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

Medieval Japan Kamakura ( CE) and Muromachi ( CE) periods Kamakura ( CE) and Muromachi ( CE) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors Professional warriors

The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism

40º North

Main Themes in South Asia Islam comes to India: Role of merchants, missionaries (Sufis), and the military. Islam comes to India: Role of merchants, missionaries (Sufis), and the military. Kingdoms in South Asia: Chola Kingdoms in South Asia: Chola Cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean: India the “Workshop of the World.” Cross-cultural trade in the Indian Ocean: India the “Workshop of the World.” Indianized states in Southeast Asia: Funan, Srivijiva, Angkor Indianized states in Southeast Asia: Funan, Srivijiva, Angkor Islam in Southeast Asia: Melaka Islam in Southeast Asia: Melaka

Trading world of Indian Ocean Basin, CE

Fine Spice Trade Nutmeg Nutmeg Mace Mace Cloves Cloves

Trading world of Indian Ocean Basin, CE

Malaysia Malay sailors Malay sailors Balanced lug sails Balanced lug sails Monsoon winds Monsoon winds Prototype for Arab lateen sail and European boats Prototype for Arab lateen sail and European boats

The Spread of Religions