1 Early Hazard Categorization In the early days of Civil Defense: 1. Attack, and 2. Natural Hazards

2 E.L. Quarantelli “To the category of natural hazards... has been added the relatively new category of technological accidents and mishaps. These are the disasters brought about by human error and the collective mistakes of groups.” (Quarantelli, 1984) Thus: (1) Attack (2) Natural Hazards (3) Technological Hazards

3 “Man-Made” Hazards “Miller and Fowlkes (1984) have argued that the term ‘technological disaster’ renders such events too impersonal in origin. They believe that such ‘accidents’ are due mainly to the excessive priority given to industrial profits and advocate the term ‘man-made disaster’ to indicate corporate responsibility.” (Smith 1996)

4 Post-Cold War Taxonomy 1. Natural 2. Technological 3. Man-made

5 Dr. David McEntire Natural –Atmospheric –Geologic/Seismic –Hydrologic –Volcanic –Wildfire Environmental Biological –Disease Outbreaks –Infestations Technological Human Induced/Civil

6 John Carroll Weather Man-Made Transport and Communication Medical Major Disturbance Energy

7 Laurie Pearce, Gerard Hoetmer Pearce (2000) 1. Natural 2. Diseases, epidemics, infestation 3. Person-induced Hoetmer (1991) 1. Natural 2. Technological 3. Civil 4. Environmental

8 ISDR Natural 2. Technological 3. Environmental Degradation

9 “Environmental Degradation” Land degradation Deforestation Wildland fires Loss of biodiversity Pollution of land, water, and air Climate change Sea-level rise Ozone depletion

10 Temporal Components Rapid Onset: Flash floods, tornadoes, earthquakes Slow Onset: Drought, heat waves, cold waves Medium-Term Onset: Flooding, hurricanes

11 Spatial Components Diffuse Hazards: Droughts, heat waves Concentrated Hazards: Chemical spills, train derailments

12 The “Loss” Component Expected or possible human and material loss: Low Medium Heavy

13 Data Limitations Vague/inaccurate Unavailable Poorly collected Difficult to collect Sketchy Exaggerated Underestimated Minimized

14 Today’s Threefold Distinctions Natural Technological Man (or human) Made (or caused) or Civil or Willful Natural Man-Made Hybrid (combined natural and man- made)

15 Hazard Classification Trends Disagreement--whether to: Expand classification schemes. OR Reduce hazard classifications.

16 On Classification by Origin “... in many parts of the world, deforestation has resulted in increased runoff, which then leads to catastrophic downstream flooding. Is this a natural or a socially induced hazard? Or consider the use of technology to control nature, such as dams and levees... Is a wet-year levee break and the subsequent flooding that follows a technological, natural, or environmental hazard?” (Cutter, 2001)

17 On Classification by Origin “Although I stopped using the natural/technological disaster distinction long ago, I have always felt that there are other features that might be used to start to distinguish certain categories of disasters.... no single dimension is enough on which to base a typology.” (Quarantelli, 1998a)

18 On Classification by Origin “As we have done a number of times before, we want to restate that to pursue the current popular fad of distinguishing between so-called natural disasters and technological disasters is to pursue an unfruitful path. There are differences between disasters, but they do not result from their supposed source in nature or technology, a simple minded common sense distinction at best.” (Quarantelli, 1987)

19 On Classification: Other Criteria “... disasters caused by technological agents constitute a distinct genre because the social and behavioral patterns that occur in emergencies and disasters involving technological agents differ from those that are commonly observed in natural disasters, and because the two types of events tend to differ in their short- and longer-term consequences.” (Tierney, Lindell and Perry, 2001)

20 On Classification: Other Criteria “... Natural hazards result from a lack of control, whereas technological hazards result from a loss of control.” (Pearce, 2000)

21 Areas of Distinction 1. Causation differs. 2. Reactions differ. 3. Consequences differ.

22 Continuation of Distinctions Assists in thinking about causes, sources, consequences and differing reactions to hazard types. Broadens awareness of fuller range of hazards and stakeholders. Assists in moving forward with areas such as risk assessments and communicating with the public.

23 McEntire: Hazard Relationships A.Natural hazards may initiate other natural hazards. B.Natural hazards may initiate other technological hazards. C.Technological hazards may initiate other natural/environmental hazards.

24 McEntire: Hazard Relationships D.Natural/environmental hazards may initiate other biological/natural hazards. E.Human-induced/civil hazards may initiate other technological/biological hazards. F.Other unique combinations.