Chapter 22 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The American Nation In the Modern Era 4/7/2017 Chapter 22 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Section 1: Freedom Now! Section 2: Voting Rights Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Section 4: The Movement Continues CHAPTER 22--THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Objectives: Section 1: Freedom Now! How was nonviolence used in the civil rights movement, and how effective was it? How did protests in Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, differ? Why did supporters push for a civil rights bill, and what led to its passage?

Nonviolence in the civil rights movement Section 1: Freedom Now! Nonviolence in the civil rights movement Sit-ins led to desegregation of lunch counters and restaurants. March through Birmingham led to increased public support for civil rights. Freedom Rides led the Interstate Commerce Commission to strengthen regulations. Montgomery Bus Boycott led to desegregation of buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

Albany, Georgia Section 1: Freedom Now! Protesters were arrested in large masses, but there was no violence. Martin Luther King, Jr. was quietly let go before he could gain attention. The protest was not a success.

Birmingham, Alabama Police responded with violence, which caused people to support the protesters. The protest was a success.

A civil rights bill Section 1: Freedom Now! Supporters believed that legislation enforced by the federal government was necessary to give Americans equal rights. Successful passage was aided by the Birmingham protest, the March on Washington, and the support of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

Objectives: Section 2: Voting Rights Why did early efforts to register voters in Mississippi fail? Why did the Freedom Summer project meet with limited success? How did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party affect relations between the civil rights activists and the federal government? How did the Selma protest lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act?

Reasons for early failures Section 2: Voting Rights Reasons for early failures murder of Herbert Lee violence against African Americans violence against SNCC volunteers arrest of student demonstrators arson at SNCC office

Freedom Summer project Section 2: Voting Rights Freedom Summer project murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner fear of violence against African Americans

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Section 2: Voting Rights Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party created when Mississippi’s Democratic convention rejected all African American candidates wanted to be recognized as the legitimate Mississippi delegation at Democratic National Convention offered 2 seats as tokens led to belief that the Democratic Party could not be trusted

Selma protest and the Voting Rights Act Section 2: Voting Rights Selma protest and the Voting Rights Act Many Americans outraged by Selma police attacks on marchers. Thousands traveled to Montgomery to show support for marchers. President Johnson, shocked by the attacks, asked Congress to pass a voting rights bill.

Objectives: Section 3: Challenges for the Movement What role did Malcolm X play in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s? Why did nonviolent protest and the goal of racial integration lose support? How did northern racial discrimination and urban riots change the civil rights movement?

Malcolm X Section 3: Challenges for the Movement leading minister of Nation of Islam championed African American separatism called for freedom “by any means necessary” rejected beliefs in violence and separatism when converted to orthodox Islam assassinated by Black Muslims in 1965

Loss of support for nonviolence and integration Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Loss of support for nonviolence and integration Those who had endured violence were frustrated with nonviolence. Activists were angry that deaths of white civil rights workers generated more concern than deaths of African Americans. Some believed that white students were taking over the movement.

Effects of northern racial discrimination and urban riots Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Effects of northern racial discrimination and urban riots Race riots decreased white support for movement. Economic power became emphasized. King came to believe that the Vietnam War diverted spending from social programs. King planned to lead a Poor People’s Campaign.

Objectives: Section 4: The Movement Continues What problems did many leading African American organizations encounter in the early 1970s? How did the Supreme Court limit busing and affirmative action programs? What gains did African Americans make during the early 1970s?

Problems facing African American organizations Section 4: The Movement Continues Problems facing African American organizations loss of support as a result of economic focus failure of Resurrection City project decrease in financial support FBI investigations internal conflicts imprisonment or death of many leaders

Supreme Court limits Section 4: The Movement Continues In Milliken v. Bradley, the Court struck down a lower court’s order to merge city and suburban school districts in Detroit. In University of California v. Bakke, the Court ruled that affirmative action plans using quota systems are unconstitutional.

Gains of African Americans in the 1970s Section 4: The Movement Continues Gains of African Americans in the 1970s first African American mayor of Cleveland more than 4,500 African Americans in office by end of decade increase in African American business increase in African American enrollment in colleges and universities narrowing of income gap between whites and African Americans formation of strong alliances and lobbies