ANTHONY GIDDENS ● MITCHELL DUNEIER ● RICHARD APPELBAUM ● DEBORA CARR Slides created by Shannon Anderson, Roanoke College Third Edition Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships 1

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The big issues What do sociologists mean by family? What have families looked like across time and space? What are current trend in families in the United States and around the world? What are alternatives to traditional families? 2

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. What is “the family”? The family is a critical social institution that functions as part of society. The family is also a distinct social group with its own roles, patterns, and behaviors. Family is a cultural universal, though its structure varies across time and space. 3

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Family concepts Kinship Marriage Nuclear versus extended family Family of orientation versus procreation Monogamy versus polygamy 4

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Theory and family Functional theories see two primary roles of family: –Primary socialization of children –Personality stabilization of adults Feminist approaches often focus on the ways in which “traditional” models of family reinforce our system of gender inequality. 5

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Division of labor (DOL) in families The DOL in families is a frequent topic of concern for feminist scholars. Arlie Hochschild dealt with this in her classic The Second Shift (1989, with Anne Machung). Although both parents typically work outside the home today, it remains women who do the bulk of the domestic work. 6

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The American family over time The structure of families has varied throughout U.S. history. Colonial families were organized around work and community obligation and were kept in line with highly structured authority. 7

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. The American family over time With modernity came a separation of spheres for men and women: Men went to work for capitalists and women stayed in the home. –This was not a matter of choice. –Child labor was commonplace. The “traditional” 1950s family was less golden than current nostalgia suggests. –Example: Women often felt trapped in the home. 8

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Changes in families worldwide The spread of Western culture appears to be affecting families around the globe. –Example: increased attention to romantic love In some countries there have been systematic efforts by governments to alter family size and structure. Rural-urban migration has led to a change in family structure. Worldwide shift toward the nuclear family model 9

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Seven important global trends 1.Declining influence of clans and kin groups 2.Increasing freedom of mate selection 3.Expanding rights for women 4.Fewer kin marriages 10

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Seven important global trends 5. Increasing degree of sexual freedom 6. Declining birthrates 7. Increasing room for children’s rights 11

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Trends in U.S. families today Rising age at first marriage Increasing numbers of people living alone Sharp rise in cohabitation Increasing numbers of single-parent and stepparent families Ongoing high rate of divorce Sharp rise in dual-earner families 12

Figure 11.2 The Changing Structure of American Families with Children Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Families in poverty Poor families, especially poor black families, adapt by creating extensive kin and quasi-kin networks. –Pros and cons to this kind of support structure For poor, young women there is typically high value placed on having and raising children. 14

Figure 11.4 Divorce Rates in the United States Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. After divorce Women and children often experience a significant decline in economic status. Men often experience an improved financial situation. The majority of divorced individuals will remarry. 16

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Effects on children There is disagreement on this topic among scholars of divorce and family. Some research—which is mostly psychological in nature—suggests that a period of initial trauma followed by adjustment is the norm. 17

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Effects on children Other research suggests that there continue to be deficits in some outcomes. –Education –Occupation –Future marital success The cause of these differences appears to be economic and social. 18

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Why so much divorce? Implementation of no-fault laws Declining stigma Less connection to extended family obligations or to property between families Women’s economic independence Unrealistic expectations plus an easy escape hatch 19

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Risk factors for divorce Which of these increase one’s risk of divorce? Which decrease risk? 1.Married at a young age (under age 21) 2.Have divorced parents 3.Lived with your romantic partner prior to marrying 4.Have been divorced at least once 5.Had a child prior to marrying 6.Have a childless marriage 7.Knew your partner for a short time prior to marrying 8.Experience fi nancial hardship 9.Have less than a college degree 10.You and your partner are similar with respect to social class background, age, and religion 11.You or your partner is depressed 12.You or your partner frequently drinks alcoholic beverages 13.You fear disapproval from family and friends 14.You believe married people should stay together “for the sake of the kids” 20

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Risk factors for divorce IF YOU CHECKED YES: Married at a young age (under age 21)Increase risk Have divorced parentsIncrease risk Lived with your romantic partner prior to marryingIncrease risk Have been divorced at least onceIncrease risk Had a child prior to marryingIncrease risk Have a childless marriageIncrease risk Knew your partner for a short time prior to marryingIncrease risk Experience fi nancial hardshipIncrease risk Have less than a college degreeIncrease risk You and your partner are similar with respect to Social class background, age, and religionDecrease risk You or your partner is depressedIncrease risk You or your partner frequently drinks alcoholic BeveragesIncrease risk You fear disapproval from family and friendsDecrease risk You believe married people should stay together “for the sake of the kids”Decrease risk 21

Figure 11.5 Number of Single-Parent Families, in Millions Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Single-parent families Approximately half of children in the United States spend of part of childhood in single-parent families. These families are nearly always headed by women. There is a small movement of “single mothers by choice” made up of affluent, never-married women. For most, though, single parenting is related to divorce or factors related to poverty and deprivation. 23

Figure 11.6 Increases in Cohabitation Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Cohabitation About 50 percent of you will cohabit prior to marriage. Cohabitation is now understood as a stage in the relationship process preceding marriage. The main reason people give for cohabitation is to ensure future compatibility. Interestingly, statistics show that those who cohabit prior to marriage are more likely t o divorce. 25

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Gay-parent families Despite ongoing dissent, there is slow movement toward acceptance of gay marriage and gay parenting. This shift is taking place globally: the Netherlands, Norway, Canada, Uruguay, the United Kingdom, and others have already legalized either civil unions or gay marriages. In the United States, only Florida prevents gay couples from adopting children. 26

W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint Presentation for For more learning resources, please visit our online StudySpace at: © 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 1. How was the premodern family in the United States different from the modern family? a. The premodern family was an extended family, and the modern family is nuclear. b. The premodern family was more stable than the modern family. c. The premodern family was only slightly larger than the modern family. d. The premodern family was one in which the father and the mother went out to work. 28

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 2. What is the family of orientation? a. The family of orientation is represented by childless couples. b. The family of orientation consists of the family into which a person is born. c. The family of orientation is represented by gay couples. d. The family of orientation is the family into which a person enters as an adult and within which children are raised. 29

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 3. Why are families worldwide today adopting a nuclear family form? a. Because of shortened life expectancy, there are fewer grandparents around to provide extended family relationships. b. Because of warfare, families find it easier to survive as nuclear families. c. Because of the spread of Western culture, more people today are exposed to the ideals of romantic love and the nuclear family. d. Because of the rise of highly centralized national governments, new laws are undermining extended families. 30

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 4. Which one of the following is true regarding important changes in families occurring worldwide? a. There is a general trend toward arranged marriages. b. The rights of women are becoming more suppressed. c. Kin marriages are becoming more common. d. Higher levels of sexual freedom are developing in societies that were very restrictive. 31

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 5. Which of the following is a reason for the steep increase in divorce rates in the 1960s and 1970s? a. Changes in the law made divorce available for the first time. b. With few exceptions, marriage no longer had much connection with the desire to perpetuate property and status from generation to generation. c. As men became more economically independent, marriage was less of a necessary economic partnership for them. d. The stigma of divorce increased, but this only affected women and not men. 32

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 6. Increases in cohabitation among younger people, increases in postsecondary school enrollment (especially among women), and women’s increased participation in the labor force are all explanations for the trend toward _____ in the last several decades. a. remarriage b. later marriage c. single motherhood d. later divorce 33

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Clicker Questions 7. As recently as early fall, 2010, which of the following was the only state that had laws explicitly preventing lesbians and gay men from adopting children? a. New York b. California c. Utah d. Florida 34

Art Presentation Slides Chapter 11 Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appelbaum Deborah Carr Families and Intimate Relationships

Chapter Opener Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

An extended Kazak family in Mongolia. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Parents wait for the train with their daughter. How is a nuclear family different from an extended family? Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Globalization and Everyday Life Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Globalization and Everyday Life Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.1 Percentage of Never Married Twenty to Twenty Four Year Olds Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.2 The Changing Structure of American Families with Children Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.3 Family Arrangements for Black and White Children, 2008 Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.4 Divorce Rates in the United States Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Tomeryl Collier and her mother, Cheryl Ellis, sit on Tomeryl’s bed. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.5 Number of Single-Parent Families, in Millions Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Anne Stevenson poses for a portrait with her son Reece in front of her off- campus housing when, as a single parent Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.6 Increases in Cohabitation Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 11.7 Reasons for Cohabiting Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Evelyn Rivera’s family (her son Mark, nephew Sal, and lesbian partner Debbie Rodriguez) is just one example of the changing idea of the “typical” American family. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Jessica Vander mark-Martinez, left, holds hands with Jodie Vandermark-Martinez at their wedding ceremony outside the Polk County administrative office in Des Moines, Iowa. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

W.W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned Essentials Of Sociology THIRD EDITION This concludes the Art Presentation Slides Slide Set for Chapter 11 by Anthony Giddens Mitchell Duneier Richard P. Appelbaum Deborah Carr