Chap 11: Community Mental Health Instructor’s name Semester, 200_

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Chapter Objectives Define mental health and mental disorders. Explain what is meant by the DSM- IV-TR. Identify the major causes of mental disorders. Explain why mental health is on of the major community health problems in the United States.

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Chapter Objectives Define stress and explain its relationship to physical and mental health. Briefly trace the history of mental health care in America, highlighting the major changes both before and after World War II. Define the term deinstitutionalization and list and discuss the propelling forces that brought it about.

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Chapter Objectives Describe the movement toward community mental health centers. Explain what is meant by Community Support Program and list some of the services provided by successful programs. Identify the major mental and physical problems of the homeless. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention as they relate to mental health care services.

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Chapter Objectives List and briefly describe the three basic approaches to treatment for mental disorders. Define self-help groups, give examples, and explain how they are helpful to their members. Explain the purpose of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Chapter Objectives Define what is meant by behavioral health care services. Explain what is at issue when the term parity in health care services is used in reference to health care services for the mentally ill.

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Introduction Mental illness is major community health issue –22-23% of American Adults –6% addictive behaviors –small portion of those diagnosed receive treatment

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Community Mental Health Mental Health –state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity. Characteristics –Function under adversity –Change or adapt to changes around them –Maintain control over their tension and anxiety –Find more satisfaction in giving than receiving –Show consideration for others –Curb hate and guilt –Love others

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Mental Illness Mental disorders –health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning. Classification –DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) –Type of Onset –Severity

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Diagnostic Categories Childhood Organic mental disorders Psychological substance use Schizophrenia Mood disorders Mental retardation; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Alzheimer’s disease; dementia associated alcoholism or chronic drug use Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, or other drug Paranoid schizophrenia Major depression; bipolar disorder

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Origins & Causes of Mental Disorders Deficiency at Birth Physical impairment Idiopathic Environmental Inherited (Genetic) Maternal exposure –physical agents –chemical agents –biological agents

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Mental Illness In America Statistical Indicators –between 15.4% of adults have had at least one episode of a mental disorder in the past 30 days –About 35% of the population aged have had a mental disorder.

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Mental Illness In America Social Indicators –Homicides: 2nd leading cause of death in age group –Suicides: 3rd leading cause of death in age group –There are nearly 30,000 suicides each year –High rate of divorce –current widespread abuse of alcohol & tobacco

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Mental Illness In America Stress –one’s psychological & physiological response to stressors –General Adaptation Syndrome alarm reaction resistance exhaustion –Diseases of Adaptation

Chap 11: Community Mental Health General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm reaction Body is modified to defend against the stressor Perceived stressor Stage of resistance Arousal remains high, as body tries to defend against & adapt to the stressor. Stage of exhaustion Resource are very limited; ability to resist may collapse

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Psychophysiological Disorders Associated with Stress Asthma Cancer Depression Dysmenorrhea Exhaustion Hypertension Gastrointestinal problems Coronary heart disease Inflammatory bowel disease Skin disorders Headaches

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America Colonial America 19th Century –Moral Treatment Era State supported hospitals –Dorothea Dix ( ) –Number of state hospitals grew rapidly last 25 years of 19th century

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America : Mental Hygiene Movement –Early identification and treatment (acute care) for those with mental illness to preclude the use of state hospitals –Dr. Adolf Meyer ( ) –Clifford Beers (( ) Mental Health in the 1920s and 1930s –Conditions in state mental hospitals continued to decline –First mention of deinstitutionalization

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America World War II –State hospitals continued to deteriorate –15 million men were rejected from service for mental retardation and mental illness –Virtually all psychiatrists were drafted –New methods and drugs were developed National Mental Health Act of of 1946 –National Institute of Mental Health was established –People began to realize the plight of the state mental hospitals

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America 1950s: Era of Deinstitutionalization –economics –idealism –legal considerations –antipsychotic drugs

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America Mental Health Care in the 1960s –Community Mental Health Centers Act –Medicare & Medicaid –transinstituionalized

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America Mental Health Care in the 1970s and 1980s –Recognition of the failure of CMHCs to meet the needs of the deinstitutionalized mentally ill –Initiation of Community Support Programs to promote recovery in persons with serious and persistent mental disorders

Chap 11: Community Mental Health History of Mental Care In America Mental Health Care in the 1990s –We were still dealing with the legacy of deinstitutionalization: homeless people with mental disorders –Continued absence of a comprehensive, coordinated system –Broadening access to treatment Problems of Homelessness –Mental health problems –Physical health problems

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Meeting the Needs of the Mentally Ill Prevention –Primary Prevention: Efforts aimed at forestalling the onset of mental illness –Secondary Prevention: Reducing the prevalence by shortening episodes –Tertiary Prevention: treatment, and rehabilitation to ameliorate the illness and prevent further problems for the individual and the community. Prevention Services

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Meeting the Needs of the Mentally Ill Treatment approaches –Goals reduce symptoms improve personal and social functioning develop and strengthen coping skills promote behaviors that improve life –Psychotherapy –Psychopharmacology –Self-Help Support Groups

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Non-governmental Agencies National Alliance for the Mentally Ill –founded 1979 –856 affiliates & more than 20,000 member families –believe only biologically grounded treatment approaches are relevant Alcoholics Anonymous

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Federal Agencies U.S. Public Health Service, SAMHSA –The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment –The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention –Center for Mental Health Services

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Future Challenges Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) –Evidenced-based medicine –Cost containment –“behavioral health care services” MBHOs Parity Issue –1996 Mental Health Parity Act –There is still not full parity in health care coverage between general health care services and mental (behavioral) health care services

Chap 11: Community Mental Health Chapter 11 Community Mental Health