Environmental health Definition: “the control of all those factors in man’ s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival Definition: “the control of all those factors in man’ s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival

ً WHO organization Define health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not only the absence of the disease or infirmity Define health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not only the absence of the disease or infirmity

Practice of environmental health Water sanitation Water sanitation Refuse and garbage disposal Refuse and garbage disposal Sewage disposal Sewage disposal Air pollution (indoor and out door) Air pollution (indoor and out door) Injuries Injuries Food hygiene Food hygiene Vector control Vector control Safety and health in hospital Safety and health in hospital

Environment includes all those factors related to health that are external to human body, the individual has a limited control over these factors. Environment includes all those factors related to health that are external to human body, the individual has a limited control over these factors. Health hazards are classified as: Health hazards are classified as: Chemical, physical,biological social and behavioural. Chemical, physical,biological social and behavioural.

Aim and objectives To inform or enlighten students about general health hazards in the environment such as,,,,,,,, To inform or enlighten students about general health hazards in the environment such as,,,,,,,, To be able at primary level to protect and prevent diseases due to pollution of water,air and food To be able at primary level to protect and prevent diseases due to pollution of water,air and food To develop awareness among medical students regarding currently emerging diseases related to environment such as bird flue incidents and dengue fever…….. To develop awareness among medical students regarding currently emerging diseases related to environment such as bird flue incidents and dengue fever……..

Solid wastes Solid wastes Solid wastes Definition: “Solid wastes” is applied to unwanted or discarded waste materials from houses, street sweepings, industrial and agricultural operations arising from man’ activities. Definition: “Solid wastes” is applied to unwanted or discarded waste materials from houses, street sweepings, industrial and agricultural operations arising from man’ activities.

Health aspects The organic portion of solid wastes ferments and favor fly breeding The organic portion of solid wastes ferments and favor fly breeding The garbage in the refuse attracts rats The garbage in the refuse attracts rats The pathogens may conveyed to man through flies and dust The pathogens may conveyed to man through flies and dust There is possibility of water pollution if rain water passes through deposits of fermenting refuse There is possibility of water pollution if rain water passes through deposits of fermenting refuse There is risk of air pollution, if there is accidental or spontaneous combustion of refuse There is risk of air pollution, if there is accidental or spontaneous combustion of refuse Piles of refuse are nuisance from aesthetic point of view Piles of refuse are nuisance from aesthetic point of view

Sources of refuse Sources and types of refuse: Sources and types of refuse: 1:Street refuse 1:Street refuse 2:Market refuse 2:Market refuse 3:Stable litter 3:Stable litter 4:Industrial refuse 4:Industrial refuse 5:Domestic refuse 5:Domestic refuse 6:Agricultural 6:Agricultural

Types of refuse Ashes: residues of combustion of solid fuels Ashes: residues of combustion of solid fuels Garbage: decomposable wastes from food Garbage: decomposable wastes from food Rubbish : Non decomposable wastes Rubbish : Non decomposable wastes Debris Debris Dead animals Dead animals Hazardous wastes: “wastes that pose a potential hazards to humans or other living organisms because these wastes are non degradable or persistent in nature Hazardous wastes: “wastes that pose a potential hazards to humans or other living organisms because these wastes are non degradable or persistent in nature

Collection and disposal Incineration Incineration Open dumping Open dumping Domestic grinding for garbage Domestic grinding for garbage Controlled dumping or Sanitary land fills Controlled dumping or Sanitary land fills Composting Composting Recycling Recycling

Advantages and disadvantages of the incineration Advantages and disadvantages of the incineration Combustion of breeding materials Combustion of breeding materials Takes combined garbage and refuse Takes combined garbage and refuse Can be very efficient and 24 h/day in large cities. Can be very efficient and 24 h/day in large cities. Cause air pollution, particulates and odour Cause air pollution, particulates and odour High capital investment, high operational and maintenance cost High capital investment, high operational and maintenance cost

Advantages and disadvantages of open dumping Hauling is only cost Hauling is only cost Combined garbage and rubbish Combined garbage and rubbish Optimum for insects and rodents breeding Optimum for insects and rodents breeding Air pollution from dump fires Air pollution from dump fires Water pollution from leaching Water pollution from leaching

Sanitary landfills Advantages Combined collection Combined collection Low capital investment Low capital investment Moderate operational cost Moderate operational cost Land reclamation for restricted use Land reclamation for restricted use Adopted for small towns Adopted for small towns

Disadvantages Disadvantages Land requirement Land requirement Require selected soil and cover Require selected soil and cover Require stand by fire control Require stand by fire control leaching may add pollutant to ground or surface water sources leaching may add pollutant to ground or surface water sources

composting Advantages Advantages Conserves and recycles wastes Conserves and recycles wastes Provides humus for soil Provides humus for soil Decomposition heat control flies Decomposition heat control flies Aerobic action free of odour Aerobic action free of odour Sewage sludge can be combined Sewage sludge can be combined

Disadvantage Disadvantage Require pre-sorting and grinding. Require pre-sorting and grinding. High capital investment and maintenance cost. High capital investment and maintenance cost. Require assured market for compost. Require assured market for compost. Require disposal of non compostables Require disposal of non compostables

Advantages and disadvantages of recycling Recovery of usable and salable materials. Recovery of usable and salable materials. Conservation for energy Conservation for energy Limited to special wastes and selected materials Limited to special wastes and selected materials At the mercy of the market At the mercy of the market Require special equipments. Require special equipments. Remainder must be managed Remainder must be managed

Sewage disposal (excreta disposal) Proper disposal of sewage is a fundamental environmental health service without which there cannot be any state of improvement in the state of community health. Proper disposal of sewage is a fundamental environmental health service without which there cannot be any state of improvement in the state of community health. Human or animal excreta is a source of transmission of several diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diarrhoeas, cholera, ascariasis, viral hepatitis …… Human or animal excreta is a source of transmission of several diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diarrhoeas, cholera, ascariasis, viral hepatitis ……

Treatment of sewage Primary treatment Primary treatment Screening Screening Removal of grit Removal of grit Plain sedimentation.. Plain sedimentation.. Secondary treatment Secondary treatment Trickling filter Trickling filter Activated sludge Activated sludge Digestive sludge Digestive sludge

Basis of sewage treatment Protection of water supplies. Protection of water supplies. Protection of human food to be eaten raw Protection of human food to be eaten raw Protection of shellfish and other aquatic life. Protection of shellfish and other aquatic life. Protection of soil against pollution Protection of soil against pollution

Environmental protection agency (EPA) Independent agency of USA government Independent agency of USA government Established 1970 to protect the environment Established 1970 to protect the environment Establish standards for the quality of air and water. Establish standards for the quality of air and water. inspection and monitoring of radiation levels in the environment inspection and monitoring of radiation levels in the environment Monitoring global warming Monitoring global warming Regulation and legislation for handling and Regulation and legislation for handling and Disposal of radio active materials