Urban Runoff Management: So Far, So Good. So What? Geoff Brosseau The RMP 2007 Annual Meeting Perspectives on the Impact of the Clean Water Act on San Francisco Bay October 2, 2007

So Far  1986 San Francisco Bay Basin Plan  1987 Clean Water Act Amendments  1990 Phase I Stormwater Regulations (Municipal, Industrial, Construction)  1990s Phase I permits and programs  1999 Final Phase II Stormwater Regulations (Municipal, Construction)  2003 State Phase II General Permit

So Good  Bay Area has been a leader in the State and country in developing the stormwater program and meeting Clean Water Act requirements  ~90 Phase I communities  ~30 Phase II communities  ~1,350 Industrial facilities  ~1,500 Construction sites  BASMAA

So Good (cont’)  Recognized Surface Cleaner program ( )  Construction site inspection / education program (1990s)  Regional Advertising Campaigns ( )  Brake Pad Partnership ( )  Start at the Source manual (1997, 1999)  Our Water, Our World Program ( )  Hydromodification management plans ( )

So Good (cont’)  USEPA Clean Water Act Recognition Award- winning programs - in 12 years California has produced: 7 Municipal award winners 7 Municipal award winners 3 Industrial award winners 3 Industrial award winners – fully half from the Bay Area Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara Valley Alameda Alameda Lockheed Lockheed LLNL LLNL

So What? Case Study: Diazinon In 1998, using Clean Water Act authority, USEPA: listed waterbodies in virtually every urbanized area of California as impaired by pesticides and toxicity listed waterbodies in virtually every urbanized area of California as impaired by pesticides and toxicity required that TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) be calculated and that dischargers (local governments) reduce the amount of these pesticides in the waterbodies to the TMDL targets (max. allowable amount) required that TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) be calculated and that dischargers (local governments) reduce the amount of these pesticides in the waterbodies to the TMDL targets (max. allowable amount)

So What? (cont’)  In 1999 – California MS4s pushed USEPA OPP and OW to coordinate on urban pesticides and water quality  In 2000 – USEPA announced the phase out of diazinon products  By 2002 – The amount of reported diazinon applications had decreased substantially  By 2006 – Aquatic toxicity and diazinon concentrations in urban creeks had decreased dramatically–in most cases below TMDL targets

So What(‘s Next)?  Effectiveness Assessment  Quantifiable measures  True source control (↓Potential Pollutants ↓Runoff) Product stewardship / EPR / Green chemistry Product stewardship / EPR / Green chemistry Start at the Source / Low Impact Development (LID) Start at the Source / Low Impact Development (LID)  Monitoring – Creeks >> Bay / Ocean / River

Challenges to measuring stormwater program effectiveness (Cause ―?  Effect) (Action ―?  Outcome)  Degrees of separation phenomenon  Complicating effects of integrating all inputs  Outcome Level is defined by: Type of best management practice being measured Type of best management practice being measured Power of BMP Power of BMP

Assessment Outcome Levels Level 1 – Documenting Stormwater Program Activities Level 2 – Raising Awareness Level 3 – Changing Behavior Level 4 – Reducing Loads from Sources Level 5 – Improving Runoff Quality Level 6 – Protecting Receiving Water Quality Increasing Difficulty Municipal Program Effectiveness Assessment

Manufacture Sale Use Release to urban runoff Urban runoff discharge Receiving water Costs Effectiveness True Source Control Source Control Treatment Control True Source Control (↓Potential Pollutants) Product-based Pollutants: Conceptual Relationships

True Source Control (↓Runoff) Stormwater Quality Management Hierarchy Reduce Reuse Recycle Treat

Thank you

Implementation Success Story: Pesticides and Stormwater  By 2006 – Aquatic toxicity and diazinon concentrations in urban creeks decreased dramatically – in most cases below TMDL targets - Level 6 Outcome – Protecting receiving water quality  USEPA and DPR changing the way pesticides are regulated to address/prevent water quality problems / Retailer data show less-toxic product sales ↑ - Level 3 Outcome – Changing behavior  Surveys - Level 2 Outcome – Raising awareness