Why So Many Fish in Alaska? ~ 60-65% of US Food Fish are Landed in Alaska WHY? 1. Alaska is Surrounded by Oceans a. Oceanographic Currents b. Ice Edge Considerations 2. Alaska’s Shoreline & Continental Shelf 3. Geological Nutrient Input into Alaskan Waters a. Loess - Windborne Dusts b. Suspended Sediments in Rivers c. Volcanic Ash 4. Climate Controlled Nutrient Input ~ 60-65% of US Food Fish are Landed in Alaska WHY? 1. Alaska is Surrounded by Oceans a. Oceanographic Currents b. Ice Edge Considerations 2. Alaska’s Shoreline & Continental Shelf 3. Geological Nutrient Input into Alaskan Waters a. Loess - Windborne Dusts b. Suspended Sediments in Rivers c. Volcanic Ash 4. Climate Controlled Nutrient Input

Volcanic Nutrients

Ecology of Boreal & Subarctic Waters I 1. Define Ecosystem Health: Temperate & Tropical Systems - Definition is Species Diversity 2. Evolutionary Divisions in T&T Communities - Speciation by Niche Specialization 3. In T&T Communities: Nearest Neighbor Distance - Meters to Tens of Meters 1. Define Ecosystem Health: Temperate & Tropical Systems - Definition is Species Diversity 2. Evolutionary Divisions in T&T Communities - Speciation by Niche Specialization 3. In T&T Communities: Nearest Neighbor Distance - Meters to Tens of Meters

Specialists Versus Generalists 1. Specialists a. Allows Escape from Direct Competition b. More Efficient - Greater Degree Fine Tuning c. Less Evolutionarily Flexible 2. Generalists a. Less Efficient - Tuned to Different Seasons b. Greater Exposure to Direct Competition c. Greater Evolutionary Flexibility 1. Specialists a. Allows Escape from Direct Competition b. More Efficient - Greater Degree Fine Tuning c. Less Evolutionarily Flexible 2. Generalists a. Less Efficient - Tuned to Different Seasons b. Greater Exposure to Direct Competition c. Greater Evolutionary Flexibility

Specialist

Generalist

Ecology Boreal & Subarctic Waters II 1. Ecosystem Health in Boreal & Subarctic Waters - Defined Not by Species Diversity 2. Evolutionary Divisions B&SA Communities - Generalists Predominate - Seasonal Differences 3. B&SA Communities Nearest Neighbor Distance - Monocultures Covering Vast Areas 1. Ecosystem Health in Boreal & Subarctic Waters - Defined Not by Species Diversity 2. Evolutionary Divisions B&SA Communities - Generalists Predominate - Seasonal Differences 3. B&SA Communities Nearest Neighbor Distance - Monocultures Covering Vast Areas

Boreal & Subarctic Species 1. Ongoing Biological Research a. Cold Adaptation b. Reproductive Ecology c. Census of Marine Life 2. Needed Research a. B&SA Community Ecology b. Winter Physiology c. Stress, Disease & Monocultures 1. Ongoing Biological Research a. Cold Adaptation b. Reproductive Ecology c. Census of Marine Life 2. Needed Research a. B&SA Community Ecology b. Winter Physiology c. Stress, Disease & Monocultures

Boreal & Subarctic Ecology: Bottom Line 1. Use Caution When Attempting to Apply Ecological Principles Derived from T&T 2. Estimations of Over-Fishing Cannot Be Based On Comparisons with T&T Populations 3. Generalist Physiological Parameters Can Be Markedly Different from Niche Specialists 4. Boreal & Subarctic Waters can be Distinct in Their Ecology Compared with T&T 5. Caution: Potential Cryptic Sister Species: Cucumaria lubrica C. vegae assemblage. 1. Use Caution When Attempting to Apply Ecological Principles Derived from T&T 2. Estimations of Over-Fishing Cannot Be Based On Comparisons with T&T Populations 3. Generalist Physiological Parameters Can Be Markedly Different from Niche Specialists 4. Boreal & Subarctic Waters can be Distinct in Their Ecology Compared with T&T 5. Caution: Potential Cryptic Sister Species: Cucumaria lubrica C. vegae assemblage.

Why So Many Fish In Alaska? 1. Area of Continental Shelf 2. Length of Coastline 3. State ’ s Land Area 4. Number of Unpolluted Rivers 5. Boreal and Subarctic Waters 6. Extremes in Sunlight 7. Ample Nutrients 8. Huge Algal Blooms 9. Excellent Management

Human Migrations into North America Clovis Culture ~12,000 bp Probably Multiple Migrations Concept of Bering Land Bridge - Land Migrations Ice Free Corridor Coastal Migrations Some Newer Evidence Most Likely Sites Now Underwater Clovis Culture ~12,000 bp Probably Multiple Migrations Concept of Bering Land Bridge - Land Migrations Ice Free Corridor Coastal Migrations Some Newer Evidence Most Likely Sites Now Underwater

Bering Land Bridge

Bering Land Bridge 16,200 ybp

Beringia & Human Migration

Beringia 15,000 ybp

Linguistic vs DNA Data DNA Evidence Shows Not all Speakers share same DNA Evidence of Multiple Migrations Many after 10,000 ybp Bering Land Bridge Flooded 10,000 ybp Close Affinity with Siberians Newer Groups Moved Further South Tlinket & Haida among most recent DNA Evidence Shows Not all Speakers share same DNA Evidence of Multiple Migrations Many after 10,000 ybp Bering Land Bridge Flooded 10,000 ybp Close Affinity with Siberians Newer Groups Moved Further South Tlinket & Haida among most recent

Alaskan Native Language Map

Hunting Sea Mammals

Age Classes I

Yupik Fishing Technology

Closed Inupiat Stone Fish Trap

Open Inupiat Stone Fish Trap

Archaeological Dig SW Alaska

Ancient Fish Spears

Ancient Barbed Spears

Ancient Harpoon Tips

Reconstructed Halibut Hook