An Introduction to the Social Relations Model David A. Kenny

What is the SRM? model for dyadic measurements componential model normally dyadic data are ordered such that X ij not necessarily equal to X ji focus on random not fixed effects allowance for nonindependence non-sequential model

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4 Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Bob Steve Sue Ann

5 Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Bob Steve Sue Ann Bob is friendly

6 Bob Steve Sue Ann Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Everyone is friendly Perceiver effect

7 Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Bob Steve Sue Ann Bob is friendly Target effect Hi!! I’m Bob. What’s your name?

8 Bob Steve Sue Ann Bob looks like friendly to me. Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Relationship effect

The Two Persons

Social Relations Model: Rating How Friendly Dave Sees Tom Actor: How friendly Dave sees others in general. Partner: How friendly is Tom seen by others in general. Relationship: How much Dave believes that Tom is especially friendly.

Social Relations Model: Liking How Much Dave Likes Tom Actor: How much Dave likes others in general. Partner: How much Tom is liked by others in general. Relationship: How much Dave particularly likes Tom.

Social Relations Model: Behavior How Much Dave Gazes at Tom Actor: How much Dave gazes at others in general. Partner: How much Tom is gazed at by others in general. Relationship: How much Dave particularly gazes at Tom.

Like Two-Way ANOVA Actor: The “main effect” of the responder. Partner: The “main effect” of the other. Relationship: The interaction of actor and partner with the main effects removed.

Focus on Variance We could estimate particular actor, partner, and relationship effects: For example, Dave’s actor effect. Within the SRM the focus in not on a particular effect but on the variance in effects.

Other Terms AreaActorPartner Person PerceptionPerceiver Target NonverbalReceiver Sender DecoderEncoder PersuasionReceiver Source AggressionPerpetratorVictim Sport’s ScoreOffenseDefense

Variance vs. Effect Actor Variance Definition: How different people are people in their actor effects. Actor Effect Definition: How different a given person’s in how he or she generally responds to others. Example There is not a lot of actor variance in liking; Dave has a large actor effect.

Other Possible Units Animals sharks primates elephants mice Tribes (Brewer & Campbell) or Countries Groups, Organizations, or Teams

SRM Equation For actor i with partner j in group k: X ijk = m k + a ik + b jk + g ijk

Reciprocity Equations X ijk = m k + a ik + b jk + g ijk X jik = m k + a jk + b ik + g jik

Reciprocity  Dyadic  Correlation of relationship effects or between g ijk with g jik.  Actor-Partner (Generalized or Individual Reciprocity)  Correlation of actor and partner effects or between a ik with b ik.

Sources of SRM Nonindependence l Actor l Partner l Dyadic Reciprocity l Actor-Partner Reciprocity

Group as a Source of Nonindependence  Similar Scores for members of the same group  Norms, climate, or environment  However, typically the effect of groups with the exception is one of contrast.  Members are see as different from each other.

SRM Example: Liking LikingActorPartnerRelat.Error Friendship Dating Variance Partitioning Liking Actor-Partner (Generalized) Relationship (Dyad) Friendship Dating Reciprocity

SRM Example: Liking LikingActorPartnerRelat.Error Friendship Likeability Variance Partitioning Liking Actor-Partner (Generalized) Relationship (Dyad) Friendship Likeability Reciprocity

SRM Example: Leadership ActorPartnerRelat.Error Leadership Variance Partitioning Actor-Partner (Generalized) Relationship (Dyad) Leadership Reciprocity

SRM Published Papers

Suggested Readings Back, M. D., & Kenny D. A. (2010). The Social Relations Model: How to understand dyadic processes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, Dyadic Data Analysis, Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, Chapters 8 and 9

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