MS Park M.D., WC Chung, M.D, HM Cho M.D, and KB Kim M.D.

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MS Park M.D., WC Chung, M.D, HM Cho M.D, and KB Kim M.D. The survival of Cementless Acetabular Cup for Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Caused by Acetabular Fracture Compared with Primary Osteoarthritis and Avascular Necrosis of the Hip MS Park M.D., WC Chung, M.D, HM Cho M.D, and KB Kim M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical School, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea 안녕하십니까? Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty for Post Traumatic Osteoarthritis Caused by Acetabular Fracture Compared with Primary Osteoarthritis and Avascular Necrosis of the Hip에 대해서 말씀드리겠습니다.

Introduction Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common form of surgical treatment when significant joint changes and pain presents such as primary degenerative osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis of femoral head and posttraumatic arthritis THA는 primary degenerative osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis of femoral head and posttraumatic arthritis에 의해 joint space narrowing과 같은 arthritic change가 관찰되거나 pain이 발생시 흔히 사용되는 방법입니다.

Introduction In past, the implant survival rate and clinical outcomes was different according to etiologic disease entities in cemented THA The clinical outcomes of cemented THA in patients with AVN were inferior to those of patients with primary osteoarthritis Saito S et al,Clin Orthop Relat Res1989;244:198 Murzic WJ et al, Clin Orthop Relat Res1994;299:212

Introduction Recent advances in cementless THA have led to improved radiographic and functional parameters The clinical and radiographic findings after noncemented arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and in patients with degenerative arthritis of the hip were similar in the two groups Xenakis TA et al, Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;341:62 과거 문헌에 따르면, 비구 골절 이후 발생한 외상성 관절염에서 시행한 인공 고관절 전치환술은 비외상성 질환에 의한 인공 고관절 전치환술의 임상적 치료 결과에 비해서 좋지 않은것 으로 보고 되고 있으나, 최근 비구 골절 후 비시멘트형 인공 고관절 치환술의 기술적 진보로 인하여 방사선 학적 및 기능학적 척도의 향상을 가져오고 있다,

Introduction The clinical outcomes of THA in patients with posttraumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture usually were inferior to those of patients undergoing the procedure for nontraumatic conditions because the higher acetabular cup failure rate Romness DW et al, J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990;72-B:761 Stauffer RN et al, J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64-A:983 Recent several clinical studies have demonstrated similar clinical and radiologic outcomes between traumatic OA and primary OA Bellabarba C, JBJS Am 2001 Pritchett JW, Orthop Rev. 1991

Purpose To compare the clinical and radiologic results undergoing total hip arthroplasty for posttraumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture with those of the same procedure in patients with avascular necrosis of femoral head and degenerative osteoarthritis 이에 본 논문(this study)의 목적은 비구 골절 후 외상성 관절염, 퇴행성 관절염, 대퇴 골두 무혈성 괴사에서 인공 고관절 치환술 시행 후 임상적 , 방사선 학적 결과에 대한 추시 결과를 비교 해보고자 하였습니다.

Materials and methods Meterials and methods

Materials From March 1993 to May 2000, 512 patients Primary total hip arthroplasty by single surgeon (MS Park. M.D) Duofit; SAMO, Bologna, Italy, Mallory-Head; Biomet, Warsaw, USA Exclusion criteria ( excluded 403 patients) Over 70 years Bilateral hip replacement Rheumatoid arthritis Crowe type IV 1993년 3월 부터 2000년 5월까지 8년이상 추시가 가능한 512명의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며, 모든 예에서 single surgeon에 의해서 same implants를 사용하여 인공관절 전치환술을 시행하였습니다. 70세 이상의 환자 와 양측 인공고관절 전치환술 환자, 류마티스 관절염 환자 그리고 5년 이상 추시가 불가능하였던 환자를 제외하고 109예를 대상으로 하였다.

Patients demography Materials Group A* Group B† Group C¥ Gender (M/F) 34(6:24) 42(24:6) 33(15:6) Average age (yrs) 62.7 58.7 56.4 Average follow up(yrs) 10.2 9.8 10.4 Bearing type MOP Femoral head size 28mm Implant Duo(SAMO, Bologna, Italy) 25 28 20 Mallory-Head(Biomet, Warsaw, USA 9 14 13 비구 골절 후 일차성 골관절염을 34예를 그룹 A로, 퇴행성 관절염 42예를 그룹 B로, 대퇴 골두 무혈성 괴사 33예를 그룹 C로 B로 분류하였고, 각 그룹의 연령 분포, 추시 기간, 사용된 implant는 다음과 같습니다. * Group A : Primary osteoarthritis † Group B : Avascular necrosis of the femoral head ¥ Group C : Post-Traumatic osteoarthritis

Group C – 33 patients Demographic data Sex 22 males /11 females Side Materials Group C – 33 patients Demographic data Sex 22 males /11 females Side 19 right / 14 left Management 28 ORIF / 5 non-op Age (trauma) 53 yrs ( 33-68 ) Age (THA) 56 yrs ( 36-69 ) Time (trauma to THA) 36 months ( 1-127 mo) Associated injury 13

Osteolysis Extent of the osteolysis : ≥2mm Zone of the osteolysis Methods Osteolysis Extent of the osteolysis : ≥2mm Zone of the osteolysis DeLee and Charnley 인공 관절 치환술 후 비구에 대한 방사선 학적 평가는 Delee and charnley 에 3구역으로 나누어 radiolucent line이 2mm이상을 osteolysis가 있다고 판정하였고,

Acetabular migration ≥2mm Methods Acetabular migration ≥2mm Horizontal migration Vertical migration Masssin P등의 방법에 의하여 acetabular cup의 migration을 tear dop line을 기준으로 vertical and horizontal migration을 평가하였고 tear drop line이 보이지 않을 경우에는 obturator line을 기준으로 평가 하였다. By Massin P et al

Polyethylene liner wear Methods Polyethylene liner wear 사용되어진 polyethylene liner의 wear는 Livermore 방법에 의해서 측정하였고, By Livermore et al

- Harris hip score 술후 임상적 기능적 결과 판정은 harris hp score로 평가 하였으며, Clinical assessment - Harris hip score

Static analysis Chi –square test ANOVA test Methods Static analysis Chi –square test ANOVA test Survivorship analysis by Kaplan-Meier method The end Point Revision for any reason Radiologic sign of loosening of acetabular component Infection dislocation 술전, 술후 , 최종 추시시의 임상적, 방사선 학적 결과를 통계학적으로 비교 하였으며, Kaplan meier 방법에 따라 각 그룹의 10년 생존률을 측정하였고 end point는 어떤 이유로 든지 재치환술을 시행하거나 방사선 사진상 확연한 해리가 관찰되는 시기로 정의 하였다.

Results 결과

Acetabular osteolysis - ≥2mm Radiologic results Acetabular osteolysis - ≥2mm Group A Group B Group C P-value Zone I 1* 2 3 Zone II 5 Zone III 6 8 9 (29.4%) † 15(35.7%) 11(33.3%) 0.067 *: Cases † : Cases (percentage)

Acetabular migration Cases (%) Migration (mm) Group A 1(3) 1.0±1.74* Radiologic results Acetabular migration Cases (%) Migration (mm) Group A 1(3) 1.0±1.74* Group B 5(12) 1.7±0.56 Group C 3(10) 1.9±0.78 2mm 이상의 acetabular cup의 migration은 Group A에서 group B,C에 비해서 높은 incidence를 보였으나 통계학적으로 차이를 보이지 않다. *: Mean scores ± SD P = 0.12

Rate of Linear Wear (mm/yr.) Radiologic results Liner Wear Linear Wear(mm) Rate of Linear Wear (mm/yr.) Group A 0.58 (0-1.7) ± 0.7* 0.06 (0-0.16) ± 0.06 Group B 1.35 (0-4.3) ± 1.0 0.13 (0-0.41) ± 01 Group C 1.51 (0-6.1) ± 1.4 0.14 (0-0.59) ± 0.11 Liner wear 및 rate of wear 도 각 군간의 통계학적으로 차이를 보이지 않았다. *: Mean scores ± SD P = 0.058

Harris hip score Clinical results P = 0.43 Analysis by ANOVA test 임상적 평가로 측정한 Harris hip scores는 술 전에 비해 최종 추시상 뚜렸한 호전 소견을 보였으나 , 각 군간의 통계학적으로 차이를 보이지 않았다. * Group A :Post-Traumatic osteoarthritis † Group B : Primary osteoarthritis ¥ Group C : Avascular necrosis of the femoral head P = 0.43 Analysis by ANOVA test

Operation OP times(min) Bleeding amount (ml) Group A 88±2.34* Clinical results Operation OP times(min) Bleeding amount (ml) Group A 88±2.34* 363± 5.41 Group B 82±3.45 350± 4.41 Group C 105±4.15 698± 7.15 *: Mean scores ± SD OP times P = 0.037 Bleeding amounts P = 0.042

Complications Complications Cases Peroneal nerve palsy 2 Dislocation Clinical results Complications Complications  Cases Peroneal nerve palsy 2 Dislocation Deep vein thrombosis 4 Superficial infection 1 Deep infection

Cemented isolated liner Clinical results Revision Group A Group B Group C Whole cup exchange 1 3* Cemented isolated liner exchange 2 Cup and stem revision 1† 5 *: 1 case : Recurrent dislocation – acetabular cup malposition (10〫anteversion) † : 1 case : Deep infection – 2nd stage reimplantation)

Survivorship analysis Clinical results Survivorship analysis

Cases 증례(case) 입니다. Let me show the cases

Fx & D/L posterior wall, acetabulumn, Lt. (T-E III) 58세 남자로 교통사고로 Lt acetabulum의 Thompson – epstein type III의 posterior wall fracture dislocation이 발생하였습니다. GROUP C

ORIF reconstruction plate를 이용한 open reduction and internal fixation 실시 후 외래 추시 중 joint space narrowing 및 groin pain 발생하여, GROUP C

Last FU – 112 months Cementless THA를 시행하고 72 개월 최종 추시 사진상 osteolysis 및 acetabular cup migration등의 loosening 관찰되지 않고 있습니다. GROUP C

46/M – POD 34 months Avascular necrosis of femral head 46세 남자로 ficat stage IV의 AVN으로 THA시행하고 추시 34개월째 aseptic osteolytic loosening소견 및 지속적인 grain pain으로 revision THA시행하였습니다. REVISION

Last FU – 129 months REVISION 129 개월 최종 추시 사진상 osteolysis 및 acetabular cup migration등의 loosening 관찰되지 않고 있습니다. REVISION

Discussion 토론 (Discussion)입니다.

Discussion Total hip arthroplasty in the setting of an acetabular fracture remains a difficult reconstructive dilemma This results were arised from the adhesion of previous scar tissue formation, poor operation field, and more excessive dissection during previous internal fixators 비구 골절 이후 인공 관절 전치환술에서 비구부의 재건은 현재 까지도 여전히 난제로 남아있고,

Discussion The longer operation times and more amount of bleeding was needed during reconstructive surgery Bellabarba C, JBJS Am 2001 In our study, Traumatic arthritis group was statistically the longer operation times and the more amount of bleeding than the other groups

Discussion In general , the ages and activity level were affected the clinical and radiological results after the THA according to acetabular higher failure rate Jimenez ML et al, Orthop Clin North Am 1979 Mears DC et al, Instr Course Lect 2001 Berry DJ et al, Orthopedics 1999 In our study, to effort the minimize the influence of age and activity , the age of the three groups were not different statstically . 또한 치료 결과를 판정하는 생존율 과 재치환율 역시 각군간의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 일반적으로 단일 관절 질환이나, young age에서는 activity level이 높아 골용해 및 그에 따른 해리 유발된다고 알려져 있고

Discussion The postoperative Harris hip score of the three groups was improved markedly and was not different statstically Radiologic results of post-traumatic group were not significantly different compare with non-traumatic other groups. 본 연구에서는 술후 임상적 평가에서 대퇴 골두 무혈성 괴사 및 퇴행성 관절염 group과 비교 하였을때 비구 골절 후 외상성 관절염 그룹에서 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았고, 비구 부위 방사선학적 평가에서도 세 그룹간의 차이를 보이지는 않았다.

Discussion Component survival rate was also comparable between the groups treated for post-traumatic and non-traumatic other groups In addition, Of the 8 cases undergone revision, 6 cases were loosened by aseptic osteolysis and all these cases were below the 50yrs old 본 연구에서는 재치환술이 시행된 8예 중 6예에서 골용해성 해리로 인해서 재치환술이 실시 되었으며, 이는 모두 50대 이하 였다. 이는 재치환술의 원인이 되는 골용해성 해리가 원인 질환의 종류가 아닌 young age 또는 higher activity level등과 같은 여러 가진 병행 인자가 기여 하리라 사료 된다.

Discussion The two other revised cases were affected the patients comorbidity(DM), and implant malpositioning (10° anteversion) We consider that implant survival was affected the combination factors not etiologic disease entities

Conclusion Cementless THA for posttraumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture shows the almost same clinical and radiological results of compared with the same age group of patients of avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head and degenerative osteoarthritis.

Thank you very much for your kind attention! 경청해 주셔서 감사합니다. Thank you very much for your kind attention!