Cross-Cultural Leadership and Diversity 14-1Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:  Understand why cross-cultural research on leadership is important.  Understand the difficulties of studying cross- cultural leadership.  Understand how cultural values are related to leader behavior. Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-2

 Understand how gender issues have been studied and the limitations of this research.  Understand the findings in research on gender differences in leadership.  Understand how to manage diversity and provide equal opportunities. Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-3

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-4 Understand why cross-cultural research on leadership is important

 Globalization  Need to influence people from other cultures  Validate leadership theories in other cultures  Broader range of variables and processes  Validate taxonomies in other cultures  Culture-dependent situational variables  Methodological challenges Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-5

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-6 Understand the difficulties of studying cross-cultural leadership

Types of research questions:  Behavior, skills and traits  Beliefs about effective behavior, skills and traits  Differences in leadership patterns  Relationships between leadership and subordinate outcomes Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-7

 Equivalence of meaning for measures  Confounding effects of demographic or situational variables  Response bias  Representative sample  Level of analysis Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-8

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-9 Understand how cultural values are related to leader behavior

 Internalized values influence unconscious ways  Cultural values and societal norms  Cultural norms and societal laws  Cultural conformity  Organizational values versus cultural values  Non-exposure to different types of leadership  Change in values and traditions over time Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-10

 Power distance  Uncertainty avoidance  Individualism versus collectivism  Gender egalitarianism  Performance orientation  Humane orientation  Culture clusters Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-11

 The GLOBE project  Many unexamined research questions Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-12

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-13 Understand how gender issues have been studied and the limitations of this research

 Sex-based discrimination  Glass ceiling explanations  Feminine advantage theories  Research findings on gender differences  Research limitations on gender differences  Identifying causes and reducing discrimination Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-14

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-15 Understand the findings in research on gender differences in leadership

 Debate and scholarly disagreement  Gender differences on leadership behavior  Gender differences on leader effectiveness Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-16

Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-17 Understand how to manage diversity and provide equal opportunities

Steps can be divided into two categories  Fostering appreciation and tolerance  Providing equal opportunity Copyright© 2013 Pearson Education Leadership in Organizations14-18