Geography 409 Advanced Spatial Analysis and GIS Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Julia Siemer U of R, Winter 2006

2/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Geographic Modelling and Mapping Data model Real world Data base Visuali- sation in GIS Carto- graphic model Conceptual generalisationCartographic generalisation Geographic analyses Maps, reports

3/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Cartographic Generalisation Basic techniques  Selection Relevance, size  Simplification Major characteristic

4/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Cartographic Generalisation Basic techniques  Combination Size, distance, relevance  Locational shift and size exaggeration Distance, relevance

5/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Cartographic Generalisation  Type of map e.g. statistical map (cartograms) or topographic map  Natural and man-made features e.g. coastline or administrative unit/border

6/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Qualitative and Quantitative Information  Qualitative information e.g. road types, countries, animals,…  Quantitative information e.g. population density, (absolute) number of immigrants,…  Different kind of data - geographic primitives Points, lines or areas

7/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping  Choropleth maps (area or shaded maps)  Colour shading applied to areas (administrative/statistical areas)  Variety of classification methods to depict the spatial array of data  Represented data need to be => relative values like ratios, proportions => of intensive spatial form like population density (people/km 2 ) => no absolute numbers (e.g. people/district)

8/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping  Areal display of absolute values => only with regular grid as spatial units

9/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping Colour schemes for choropleth maps  Univariate maps => one theme  Unipolar data  Use changes of colour value and intensity  Low values: light value/intensity  High values: high value/intensity Inhabitants per sq km <<<<<<<<

10/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping Colour schemes for choropleth maps  Bipolar maps => one theme with natural or meaningful dividing point => increase/decrease => above/below the mean  Use complementary colours Internal Migration Balance as % of Population >> ><>> >< Colour circle

11/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design variable Quantitative Mapping  Bivariate maps: two variables and their correlation 0 variable Variable 1 Variable 2 variable 2

12/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping  Bivariate map

13/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping Colour schemes  Use conventions yellow-orange-red for populations data red: female, blue: male  Use associations red: warm, blue: cold, green: vegetation  Cultural influences

14/14 J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2 Cartography Principles of Effective Cartographic Design Quantitative Mapping Nature of colours  Additive colour primaries (electronic display)  Subtractive colour primaries (printing, painting)