IPHY Exam location: Duane Physics G1B30 Sept. 22

Control of saliva secretion Pressure and chemoreceptors in mouth--> and/or input from cerebral cortex (thoughts, smell, sight, sound)---> Salivary center in Medulla PNS Salivary glands SNS output from other centers (a. diminish blood supply, b) change composition

Swallowing 1. Voluntary stage--tongue moves bolus back to back of tongue 2. Involuntary stage-- pressure receptors on tongue send signal to swallowing centers in pons and medulla--> Output of swallowing centers: 1. motor output--a) tongue moves up to hard palate to prevent food return to mouth b) uvula elevated to seal off nasal passages

c.Larnyx is elevated and laryngeal muscles contract vocal folds to seal off trachea. d. Epiglottis tilted over glottis helps seal off trachea. e. After all these motor outputs occur, pharyngeal muscles contract to force bolus into esophagus. 2. Swallowing center inhibits inhalation stimulus from medulla respiratory centers

Accomplishments in the mouth 1. Increase surface area of food 2. Moisten and lubricate food 3. Some carbohydrate digestion 4. Some pathogens killed

Stomach 1. Store food 2. Continue carbohydrate digestion 3. Begin protein digestion 4. Moisten and mechanical breakdown 5. No absorption of food 6. Some absorption of lipid-soluble things like alcohol, aspirin, etc.

In oxyntic mucosa Gastric pit Gastric gland Surface epithelial cells Mucosa cells Chief cells Parietal cells Enterochomaffin- like (ECL) cells In pyloric gland area G cells D cells Table 16-3, p. 596

Stomach secretions 1. More mucus from mucus glands 2. Parietal cell a. intrinsic factor b. HCl 3. Chief cell a. pepsinogen 4. More water

Secretions and stomach contractions caused by A. Pre-meal and during eating: vagus nerve B. During eating and post meal a. Local distension, b. intrinsic nerve plexi c. Vagus (to some extent) d. G-cell (enteroendocrine cell) secretes gastrin

Fig. 16-9, p. 607

Benefits of acidification of stomach contents: 1. Mechanical breakdown of food 2. Activation of pepsinogen 3. Low pH necessary for pepsin activity 4. Low pH kills many pathogens

Fig (1), p. 592

MOVEMENT OF CHYME FROM STOMACH INTO SMALL INTESTINE Factors that stimulate stomach emptying: 1. Degree of stomach distension (volume of chyme) 2. Hypotonic chyme 3. High gastrin concentration Factors in duodenum that inhibit stomach emptying (signaled to stomach by intrinsic nerve plexus and secretin and cholecystokinin) 1. High acidity of chyme 2. High fat content of chyme 3. Hypertonic chyme 4. High distension of small intestine 5. High concentration of amino acids and/or fatty acids

ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE STOMACH 1. Some carbohydrate breakdown 2. Some protein breakdown 3. Most if not all pathogens killed 4. Chyme highly liquified

SMALL INTESTINE 1. Complete enzymatic breakdown 2. Almost complete absorption of nutrients

The presence of chyme on intestinal wall causes secretion of the following hormones: 1. Secretin 2. Cholecystokinin

SECRETIN Target glands: 1. Stomach--inhibits emptying and secretions 2. Pancreas-- causes release of aqueous NaHCO3 In small intestine NaHCO3 + HCl --> NaCl + H2CO3 --> NaCl + CO2 + H20

CHOLESYSTOKININ Target organs: a. Gall bladder--causes it to contract and release bile b. Pancreas--causes release of aqueous solution containing: 1.  amylase (carbohydrate) 2. Trypsinogen (protein) 3. Chymotrypsinogen (protein) 4. Procarboxypolypeptidase (protein) 5. Lipase (fats) c. Stomach-inhibits gastric motility and secretion d. Brain--regulation of food intake

WHEN PANCREATIC SECRETIONS REACH SMALL INTESTINE VIA BILE DUCT: 1. Enterokinase secreted by small intestine wall activates trypsin from trypsinogen 2. Trypsin activates chymotrypsin from chymotrypsinogen 3. Trypsin activates carboxypolypeptidase from procarboxypolypeptidase

BILE Synthesized by liver, stored in gall bladder 1. Water 2. Bilirubin 3. Cholesterol 4. Ions (Na, K, Cl) 5. Bile salts 6. Lecithin