CHAPTER 30 SOLID WASTE A PLASTIC SURF Are the oceans teeming with trash?

30 A PLASTIC SURF Learning Outcomes Are the oceans teeming with trash? At the end of this chapter you will know: More about the types and amount of trash produced by humans. Options we have for dealing with solid and hazardous waste. The role of business in reducing the amount of waste Learning Outcomes

30 A PLASTIC SURF Main Concept Are the oceans teeming with trash? Waste that cannot be reused or recycled accumulates. We can minimize the waste we produce by recovering, recycling, and disposing of waste products properly. Main Concept

30 Are the oceans teeming with trash? Case: Scientists have been sampling the ocean in an effort to determine how much trash is at sea. Small bits of plastic have formed surprisingly large patches of trash in regions where strong currents circle around areas with weak currents. We are still in the early stages of determining the impact of ocean plastic on marine ecosystems, food webs, and as transport for invasive species. Giora Proskurowski

30 Waste is a uniquely human invention, generated by uniquely human activities TERMS TO KNOW: Law of conservation of matter Matter is never created nor destroyed, but it does change form. Some of these changes make materials that are dangerous or toxic to living organisms. In nature, potentially toxic matter is stored in the Earth until catastrophic events release them. Human activity and use of materials disrupts this cycle such that even degradable materials can’t break down. Launching a neuston tow to sample the ocean’s surface

30 Waste is a uniquely human invention, generated by uniquely human activities TERMS TO KNOW: Law of conservation of matter Biodegradable materials are those that can be broken down by other organisms through primarily aerobic processes. Without air, however, this process is stopped and material accumulates. Degradable materials can be broken down by chemical and physical reactions, while nondegradable materials are made of very stable molecules and so never break down—at least not in a human time scale. Launching a neuston tow to sample the ocean’s surface

30 Waste is a uniquely human invention, generated by uniquely human activities 243 million tons = 486,000,000 pounds (That’s about the weight of 113,000 SUVs) * MSW=Municipal solid waste The United States produces more trash per person than any other nation. Municipal waste is only a small part of our total waste produced, but it is the type of waste that can be directly impacted by our daily choices.

30 How big is the Atlantic Garbage Patch and is it growing? Five major gyres in the oceans. Much of the debris is very small and floats just below the surface History: The first garbage patch found in 1997 while crossing the Pacific Ocean. Press claims sensationalized the finding with unfounded reports about weight, size, density, and growth. In reality, measurement and comparison was very difficult. The ecological definition of “patch” includes distribution of materials or organisms, so the public thinks “island.” Trash was settling at several levels within the water column, but data up to this discovery were based on near-surface sampling.

30 How we handle waste determines where it ends up TERMS TO KNOW: Open dumps Hazardous waste Leachate Sanitary landfills Incinerators Open dumps are cheap and common in developing countries. These dumps are largely unregulated, contain a mix of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, and are often very hospitable for insects and rodents. Sanitary landfill – Soil is above and below trash to keep contents from seeping into the environment. Compacting trash under layers of soil keeps odors down but also prevents aerobic digestion. Processing e-waste in China Cambodia municipal garbage – sorting for anything that can sold to recyclers.

30 How we handle waste determines where it ends up Reducing waste at its source is the EPA’s top choice for waste management. Landfilling is the last choice. Unfortunately, more than 50% of our solid waste still ends up in landfill. Sanitary landfills are dug out and lined to prevent groundwater contamination from leachate. Trash is dumped and covered with soil to reduce smell and infestation. Newer landfills have leachate collection systems and holding ponds built into their facilities.

30 How we handle waste determines where it ends up Reducing waste at its source is the EPA’s top choice for waste management. Landfilling is the last choice. Unfortunately, more than 50% of our solid waste still ends up in landfill. Sanitary landfills are dug out and lined to prevent groundwater contamination from leachate. Trash is dumped and covered with soil to reduce smell and infestation. Newer landfills have leachate collection systems and holding ponds built into their facilities.

How we handle waste determines where it ends up 30

30 Improperly handled waste threatens all living things

30 Improperly handled waste threatens all living things

30 When it comes to managing waste, the best solutions mimic nature Much of our waste is biodegradable—we can copy nature to help deal with this part of the waste stream on large or or small scales. We can also use garbage and its by-products to make usable energy. TERMS TO KNOW: Composting

30 When it comes to managing waste, the best solutions mimic nature Much of our waste is biodegradable—we can copy nature to help deal with this part of the waste stream on large or or small scales. We can also use garbage and its by-products to make usable energy. TERMS TO KNOW: Composting

30 When it comes to managing waste, the best solutions mimic nature Much of our waste is biodegradable—we can copy nature to help deal with this part of the waste stream on large or or small scales. We can also use garbage and its by-products to make usable energy. TERMS TO KNOW: Composting

30 Lifecycle analysis and better design can help reduce waste By assessing the environmental impact of every stage of a product's life, companies are trying to reduce the amount of waste generated by what they design, sell, and make. Cradle-to-cradle analysis attempts to increase reuse potential and turn waste into resource. European countries and 19 U.S. states have implemented “take back laws,” which require manufacturers to take back some of their products after consumers have finished with them.

30 Lifecycle analysis and better design can help reduce waste An example of industrial ecology, the industrial park in Kalundborg, Denmark, shows 24 different connections between industries and local farms—waste becomes resource.

30 Lifecycle analysis and better design can help reduce waste An example of industrial ecology, the industrial park in Kalundborg, Denmark, shows 24 different connections between industries and local farms—waste becomes resource.

30 Lifecycle analysis and better design can help reduce waste An example of industrial ecology, the industrial park in Kalundborg, Denmark, shows 24 different connections between industries and local farms—waste becomes resource.

30 Lifecycle analysis and better design can help reduce waste An example of industrial ecology, the industrial park in Kalundborg, Denmark, shows 24 different connections between industries and local farms—waste becomes resource.

30 Lifecycle analysis and better design can help reduce waste An example of industrial ecology, the industrial park in Kalundborg, Denmark shows 24 different connections between industries and local farms – waste becomes resource.

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Eco-industrial parks Refuse Reduce Reuse “…We now buy a bottle of water rather than refill a canteen. We buy individually wrapped bags of mini carrots…. There are countless other examples, and as we learn with every net tow, there are significant costs to the planet for those choices.” A family in Ohio with their polymer-based possessions

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Recycle We have better options than throwing away many products. An item like a plastic bottle can be recovered and reused, or the bottle can be recycled into another product.

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Recycle We have better options than throwing away many products. An item like a plastic bottle can be recovered and reused, or the bottle can be recycled into another product.

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Recycle We have better options than throwing away many products. An item like a plastic bottle can be recovered and reused, or the bottle can be recycled into another product.

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Recycle We have better options than throwing away many products. An item like a plastic bottle can be recovered and reused, or the bottle can be recycled into another product.

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Recycle We have better options than throwing away many products. An item like a plastic bottle can be recovered and reused, or the bottle can be recycled into another product.

30 Consumers have a role to play, too TERMS TO KNOW: Recycle We have better options than throwing away many products. An item like a plastic bottle can be recovered and reused, or the bottle can be recycled into another product.

PERSONAL CHOICES THAT HELP 30

30 UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE

ANALYZING THE SCIENCE 30

30 ANALYZING THE SCIENCE http://bitly/tdQ7Kr

30 EVALUATING NEW INFORMATION Recycling information http://earth911.com

UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE 30

MAKING CONNECTIONS 30