1 RICE HUSK UTILIZATION IN THE MEKONG, RIVER DELTA, VIETNAM PHAM THI MAI THAO Angiang University The 2 nd International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia March 2 - 4, 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam

2

3  Huge amount of rice husks is generated and most of them are illegally dumped into canals and rivers  Currently, open burning of rice husks has increased causing severe fire accidents and respiratory diseases  Therefore, if they are utilized as energy source, not only GHG mitigation but also improvement of local environment can be achieved Problems from rice husk generation

4  Evaluate LC-GHG emissions of the 18 developed scenarios  The obtained results can answer the following questions:  How much GHG emissions can be mitigated by using rice husk?  Which technology shows higher mitigation potential?  Which stage of the process contributes to the total GHG emissions?

5 Area: 3.4 thousand km 2 Adm. division: 1 city, 1 town, and 9 districts Population: 2.2 million people Density: 625 persons per km 2 Rural population: % Total agricultural area: 75% of total land area Rice area: 520 thousand ha (three seasons) Rice production: 3.10 million t/y Rice husk generation: 620 thousand t/y Source: Angiang, 2007 Study area - Angiang province

6  18 scenarios were developed based on (1) current demand and supply of rice husks and (2) rice husk and rice husk briquette use technologies S: scenario; B - briquette; a - medium scale (5 MW); b - large scale (30 MW) of power plants

7  For the rice husk scenarios  For the briquette scenarios a - 5 MW; b – 30 MW

8

9 (1) COOKING Emission replacement: Coal, LPG, fuel-wood combustion  Emission source: Rice husk/briquette combustion

10 Emission replacement: National electricity  Emission source: Transportation, rice husk combustion in power plant, start-up (2) COMBUSTION POWER PLANT Construction and disposal emissions are included and discussed in total emission mitigation potential section

11 (3) GASIFICATION POWER PLANT Emission replacement: National electricity  Emission source: Transportation, rice husk gas combustion in power plant Construction and disposal emissions are included and discussed in total emission mitigation potential section

12 (4) PYROLYSIS PLANT Emission replacement: Diesel oil  Emission source: Transportation, Nitrogen gas and catalyst production, electricity consumption Construction and disposal emissions are included and discussed in total emission mitigation potential section

13 Briquette production National grid electricity production Vietnamese elect. Emissions (*)  CO 2eq : kg/kWh (*) Calculated based on energy consumption and total generated electricity (2007) To product 1kg briquette need  1.05 kg rice husk  0.13 kWh electricity

14  Rice husk combustion power plants: combustion  Rice husk gasification power plants: fuel transportation  Briquette combustion power plants: briquette production  Main stage contributes to total GHG emissions per 1 kWh electricity

15 The maximum mitigation potential from S2Bb (0.22 million t/y) accounts for 0.23% of the GHG emissions in Vietnam (98.6 million t/y) [1] Total net generated electricity Maximum: 721 GWh/y from S4Bb;  Minimum: 198 GWh/y from S2a It can supply from % of total electricity consumption in Angiang province (1,2000 GWh/y) [2] [1] (UNDP, 2008); [2] (Angiang Department of Electricity, 2009)

16  All scenarios give GHG emission mitigation potentials, the innovative technologies show higher mitigation potentials than the conventional uses  Among the cooking scenarios: GHG mitigation potentials of rice husk and briquette are not significantly large  Among power generation scenarios  S2Bb using briquettes in large-scale combustion power plants (30 MW) keeping current rice husk demand shows the highest GHG emission mitigation potential  S3b using excess rice husk for small-scale gasification also shows larger mitigation potential  Among pyrolysis scenarios: S6 using excess rice husk shows larger GHG emission reduction than the scenario using all rice husk generated (S7)  The effective options for GHG mitigations are to use excess rice husk for large- scale power generation through combustion or gasification keeping current rice husk demand

17  On going to construct rice husk power plants financed by Swedish government  Reuse catfish oil for bio-oil generation  Biogas generation from animal residue and wastewater treatment’s sludge

18 Thank you very much for your attention!