Blood 16

About this Chapter Plasma and the cellular elements of blood Blood cell production Red blood cells Platelets and coagulation

Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)

Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (2 of 2)

Plasma Proteins

Cellular Elements Three main cellular elements Platelets split off from megakaryocyte Five types of mature white blood cells Monocytes develop into macrophages Tissue basophils are mast cells Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also called granulocytes

Hematopoiesis Figure 16-2 (1 of 2)

Hematopoiesis Figure 16-2 (2 of 2)

Blood Cells

Clinical Tests The blood count Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma Figure 16-3

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4a

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4b

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Mature neutrophil Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Figure 16-4c

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (1 of 11) Platelets Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Figure 16-4c (1 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (2 of 11) Platelets Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Figure 16-4c (2 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (3 of 11) Platelets Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Figure 16-4c (3 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (4 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Figure 16-4c (4 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (5 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Figure 16-4c (5 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (6 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Figure 16-4c (6 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (7 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Figure 16-4c (7 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (8 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Figure 16-4c (8 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (9 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Figure 16-4c (9 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (10 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Figure 16-4c (10 of 11)

Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (11 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Stem cell Lymphocyte Venous sinus Monocyte Reticular cell Stem cell Reticular fiber (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Mature neutrophil Red blood cell maturation Neutrophil maturation Figure 16-4c (11 of 11)

Red Blood Cells Figure 16-5

Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the presence of disease. Figure 16-6

Iron Metabolism Figure 16-7

Red Blood Cells Live for about 120 days Hemoglobin components are recycled Remnants of heme groups Bilirubin and excreted in bile Jaundice Elevated levels of bilirubin

Red Blood Cells

Sickled Red Blood Cells Figure 16-8

Platelets and Megakaryocytes Figure 16-9a

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Intact blood vessel wall Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Figure 16-10 (1 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Figure 16-10 (2 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Figure 16-10 (3 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (4 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (5 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (6 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (7 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (8 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (9 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (10 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (11 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10 (12 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10 (13 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10 (14 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10 (15 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10 (16 of 17)

Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Tissue factor exposed Intact blood vessel wall Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Clot dissolves Collagen Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Thrombin formation Coagulation cascade Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Figure 16-10 (17 of 17)

Platelet Plug Formation Figure 16-11

Clotting Process

The Coagulation Cascade Figure 16-12

Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Figure 16-13

Coagulation

Coagulation

Summary Plasma and cellular elements Blood cell production Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and megakaryocytes Plasma proteins and their functions Five types of white blood cells Blood cell production Hematopoiesis and cytokines

Summary Red blood cell Platelets and coagulation Transferrin, ferritin, bilirubin, bile, and jaundice Platelets and coagulation Hemostasis, platelet plug, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and fibrin Coagulation cascade, fibrinogen, thrombin, plasmin, prostacyclin, and anticoagulants