Control of Gene Expression

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Gene Expression and Regulation

Advertisements

Ch. 18 Regulation of Gene Expression

Control of Gene Expression

Fig Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells If all human cells have the same number of genes, how can we have some 300 different cell types?

CHAPTER 16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3B1 Gene regulation results in differential GENE EXPRESSION, LEADING TO CELL SPECIALIZATION.

Chromosome structure and chemical modifications can affect gene expression

Gene Regulation: The control of protein production Prokaryotes Eukaryotes A. Small circular genome B.Unicellular (DNA instructions for only one cell type)

Central Dogma Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to info essential to life processes.

Lecture 10 DNA Translation and Control

Section 8.6: Gene Expression and Regulation

RNA Molecules and RNA Processing Functions and Modifications of RNA Molecules.

UTR motifs and microRNA analysis 曾大千助理教授 10/28/2008.

Day 2! Chapter 15 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Almost all the cells in an organism are genetically identical. Differences between cell types result from.

Control of Gene Expression Eukaryotes. Eukaryotic Gene Expression Some genes are expressed in all cells all the time. These so-called housekeeping genes.

Chapter 16 Lecture Outline

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 16 LECTURE SLIDES To run the animations you must be.

Gene Control Chapter 11. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Operons, specific sets of clustered genes, are the controlling unit Promoter: sequence where RNA.

Introns and Exons DNA is interrupted by short sequences that are not in the final mRNA Called introns Exons = RNA kept in the final sequence.

Gene Activity: How Genes Work

Control of Gene Expression

Fig. 18-3b-2 (b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off Tryptophan (corepressor) No RNA made Active repressor mRNA Protein DNA.

Chapter 14 – RNA molecules and RNA processing

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Eukaryotic Genome & Gene Regulation The entire genome of the eukaryotic organism is present in every cell of the organism. Although all genes are present,

Gene expression DNA  RNA  Protein DNA RNA Protein Replication Transcription Translation Degradation Initiation Elongation Processing Export Initiation.

Ch 15 -.Gene Regulation  Prokaryote Regulation Operon * not found in eukaryotes Operon * not found in eukaryotes Regulator gene = codes for repressor.

Chapter 18-Gene Expression

Control of Gene Expression Chapter Proteins interacting w/ DNA turn Prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes  Gene Regulation:

Regulation and Control of Gene Expression Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells  Gene controls govern the kinds and amounts of substances in a cell.

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

Control of Gene Expression Chapter DNA RNA Protein replication (mutation!) transcription translation (nucleotides) (amino acids) (nucleotides) Nucleic.

 Homework:  Lab 6B Analysis Questions – due tomorrow  Problem Set will be due next Wednesday  Do Now: With your lab group…  Take out lab packet 

Controlling Gene Expression. Control Mechanisms Determine when to make more proteins and when to stop making more Cell has mechanisms to control transcription.

GENE REGULATION RESULTS IN DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION, LEADING TO CELL SPECIALIZATION Eukaryotic DNA.

AP Biology Eukaryotic Genome Control Mechanisms for Gene expression.

Gene Regulation Bacterial metabolism Need to respond to changes – have enough of a product, stop production waste of energy stop production.

Eukaryotic Gene Expression

How is gene expression in eukaryotes accomplished ?

Gene Expression & Regulation Chapter 8.6. KEY CONCEPT Gene expression is carefully regulated in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole.

Control of Gene Expression Chapter 16 1 Biology Dual Enrollment Mrs. Mansfield.

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

1 RNA ( Ribonucleic acid ) Structure: Similar to that of DNA except: 1- it is single stranded polyunucleotide chain. 2- Sugar is ribose 3- Uracil is instead.

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY RNA interference (RNAi)

Figure 18.3 trp operon Promoter Promoter Genes of operon DNA trpR trpE

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

Gene Regulation: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 15 Controls over Genes.

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

The Operon Hypothesis The Operon Hypothesis was developed by 2 researchers: Jacob and Monod It explains how genes are regulated in prokaryotes. They received.

Regulation of Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Eukaryotic Genome Control Mechanisms for Gene expression

Eukaryotic Genome Control Mechanisms for Gene expression

Rafael Kramann, Marcus J. Moeller Kidney International

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

Gene Expression Activation of a gene to transcribe DNA into RNA.

Eukaryotic Genome Control Mechanisms for Gene expression

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

From gene to protein.

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

A) Primary microRNA (pri-microRNA) is processed by Drosha in the nucleus to form pre-microRNA. a) Primary microRNA (pri-microRNA) is processed by Drosha.

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.

Presentation transcript:

Control of Gene Expression Chapter 16 Genes and Development

Proteins can determine the DNA sequence by binding the major groove of DNA. Proteins binding the minor groove cannot determine the exact sequence of bases.

Prokaryotic gene regulation Lac Operon

Prokaryotic gene regulation Trp Operon Biosynthesis of the amino acid typtophan Therefore, the regulation is the opposite of the lac operon.

Eukaryotic gene regulation

Enhancer (DNA sequence) Looping Activator (protein)

Pi ATP ADP + ATP -dependent remodeling factor 1. Nucleosome sliding 2. Remodeled nucleosome 3. Nucleosome displacement 4. Histone replacement

RNA Polymerase II RNA Polymerase II microRNA gene microRNA gene Pri-microRNA Pri-microRNA Nucleus Nucleus Drosha Pre-microRNA Pre-microRNA Drosha Exportin 5 Exportin 5 Cytoplasm Dicer Mature miRNA RISC mRNA RISC mRNA cleavage mRNA RISC RISC Inhibition of translation

Exogenous dsRNA, transposon, virus Repeated cutting by dicer P P P P P siRNAs P P P siRNA in RISC Ago + Ago RISC RISC mRNA Cleavage of target mRNA

Primary RNA transcript Mature RNA transcipt RNA polymerase II 1. Initiation of transcription Most control of gene expression is achieved by regulating the frequency of transcription initiation. Cut intron 2. RNA splicing Gene expression can be controlled by altering the rate of splicing in eukaryotes. Alternative splicing can produce multiple mRNAs from one gene. DNA 3´ 3´ poly-A tail 5´ cap 5´ Primary RNA transcript Exons Introns Mature RNA transcipt

3. Passage through the nuclear membrane Gene expression Large subunit 3. Passage through the nuclear membrane Gene expression can be regulated by controlling access to or efficiency of transport channels. 3´ poly-A tail Nuclear pore mRNA 5´ cap Small subunit 4. Protein synthesis Many proteins take part in the translation process, and regulation of the availability of any of them alters the rate of gene expression by speeding or slowing protein synthesis. 3´ 5´

Completed polypeptide chain 6. Posttranslational modification Phosphorylation or other chemical modifications can alter the activity of a protein after it is produced. 5. RNA interference Gene expression is regulated by small RNAs. Protein complexes containing siRNA and miRNA target specific mRNAs for destruction or inhibit their translation. P RISC P