Chapter 3 Test Review Sheet

#1 What functional groups are these: -OH -COOH -C=O -NH2 -OPO3- ANSWER: hydroxyl carboxyl carbonyl amino phosphate

#1 (cont.) What functional groups are these? -SH -C=O (and end) -C=O (within) Sulfhydryl aldehyde ketone

#2 What are the monomers of these polymers? Proteins nucleic acids carbos lipids ANSWER: Amino acids nucleotides monosaccharides glycerol + 3 fatty acids

#3 How can you tell the difference between a saturated fat, a monounsaturated fat, and a polyunsaturated fat when shown the chemical structure? ANSWER: saturated fat has all single bonds, unsaturated fat has at least one double bond, polyunsaturated fat has 2 or more double bonds

#4 How are isomers related? ANSWER: isomer=same atomic structure but different orientation

#5 Contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis: Purpose? How alike? How different? ANSWER: Dehydration synthesis-takes out water to join monomers Hydrolysis-adds water to split polymers

#6 What suffix do sugars end in? Examples ANSWER: -ose Monosaccharide – glucose, fructose Disaccharide – sucrose, maltose Polysaccharide – starch, glycogen

#7 How is glycogen different than starch? How are they alike? ANSWER: glycogen is formed in animals and starch is formed in plants; they both are polysaccharides of glucose

#8 How is a positive test done for each? Glucose starch fats protein ANSWER: Glucose- Benedicts blue to orange-red Starch-iodine yellow to blue-black Fats-translucent brown paper Protein- Biuret blue to lavender

#9 What is the purpose of cellulose? Type of carbo? ANSWER: fiber polysaccharide

#10 What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean? Which best describes fats? ANSWER: hydrophilic (does dissolve in water) and hydrophobic (does not dissolve in water) FATS ARE HYDROPHOBIC -methyl group –CH3 is hydrophobic

#11 Polypeptide and amino acid chains are synonyms for what macromolecule? ANSWER: protein

#12 ANSWER: monosaccharide = 1 ring Disaccharide = 2 rings How could you tell the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide if shown the chemical structure? ANSWER: monosaccharide = 1 ring Disaccharide = 2 rings

#13 How does a steroid look different chemically than other lipids? ANSWER: 4 rings

#14 What are the parts of a triglyceride? How many water molecules are formed from the formation of it? ANSWER: 3 fatty acids + a glycerol Three water molecules form when they join.

#15 Rectangle around polar end Circle around nonpolar end

#15 Rectangle around polar end Circle around nonpolar end

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid _____DNA _____glucose _____steroid _____phospholipid

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid NA DNA C glucose L steroid L phospholipid

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid _____wax _____starch _____ATP _____RNA

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid L wax C starch none of above ATP NA RNA

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid _____sucrose _____enzymes _____fructose _____triglyceride

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid C sucrose P enzymes C fructose L triglyceride

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid _____ethanol _____formaldehyde _____cholesterol _____egg white

#16 Identify the following as C-carbohydrate P-protein L-lipid NA-nucleic acid C ethanol C formaldehyde L cholesterol P egg white

#17 How can you tell carbohydrates and lipids apart? Carbohydrates H:O 2:1 Lipids –greater than 2:1

#18 What is the functional group found in alcohols? What suffix denotes an alcohol? -OH -ol such as ethanol, butanol

#19 How many different amino acids are there? ANSWER: 20

#19 (cont.) How are all amino acids alike?

#19 cont. How are amino acids different?

#20 What does a peptide bond connect? (what functional groups) ANSWER: amino acids Peptide bonds are covalent

#21 What is denaturation. To which macromolecule does it refer? ANSWER: Polypeptide chain unravels, losing their shape, and losing their function

#22 What type of bonds form at each level: A. between amino acids ANSWER: peptides (covalent) B. to cause coiling or pleating ANSWER: H-bonds

#22 (cont.) C. between cysteine and cysteine in tertiary ANSWER: -disulfide bridges D. between H-in OH and O in –COOH (tertiary) ANSWER: H-bonding

#22 (cont) Between –NH3+ and O in ionized form of carboxyl group ANSWER: ionic bond

#23 What are the two possible shapes of proteins in the secondary level? What are the two basic shapes of proteins in the quaternary level? ANSWER: SECONDARY: alpha helix or beta pleated sheets QUATERNARY: fibrous and globular

#24 What element besides C-H-O will you find in proteins? What functional group is this? ANSWER: N (nitrogen) -amino group –NH2

#25 Main parts of nucleotide? What elements? CHONP

#26 RECOGNIZE ORGANIC MOLECULES FLASH CARDS AND QUETIONS

EXTENDED RESPONSE How do the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins differ? ANSWER: primary-sequence of AA Secondary-helix or pleated sheets Tertiary-folds in on itself Quaternary-folded together two or more subunits

Refer to your handout of the Primary-Secondary-Tertiary-Quaternary Levels